L'Arbre du Vivant Darwin Day 2020 - Prof. Denis BAURAIN - ORBi
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Plan 1. L’Arbre du Vivant • Quels sont les grands groupes d’êtres vivants ? • Les 5 règnes du Vivant • Les 3 domaines du Vivant 2. Phylogénie moléculaire • D’où vient le signal ? • Exemple : le cytochrome c 3. Phylogénomique • Une analogie linguistique • Exemple : l'arbre des Vertébrés
L’Arbre du Vivant L’arbre du Vivant est une classification des êtres vivants tenant compte de leur histoire évolutive. 1859 1866 Ch. Darwin E. Haeckel
fferent branches degree of tissue differentiation. There is 3) Even with the multicellular algae Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on April 18, 20 gnition of three room for different judgments on the and higher fungi excluded, the Protista Les 5 règnes du Vivant nd seven of chy- merits of the two lines of division. is a grouping of diverse organisms of is not, however, 2) The three higher kingdoms are disparate directions of evolution. Neces- tion. The range polyphyletic. The Rhodophyta and sarily, some protist phyla are more the fungi is wide, dependent origin lime mold groups Plantae Fungi Animalia that true fungi t best treated as signation as such e of the effort to hin the plant or and that the ex- number of phyla ystem better rep- hips in regard to ion and nutritive of organization 1969 and Copeland brown algae and etter placed, the lants of the sea, major evolution- complexité igher organisms. r have much ad- modes nutritionnels kingdom system eland system in inable character 0el its of classifica- Robert H. Whittaker Whittaker (1969) Science 163:150-160 -Kingdom System
fferent branches degree of tissue differentiation. There is 3) Even with the multicellular algae Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on April 18, 20 gnition of three room for different judgments on the and higher fungi excluded, the Protista Les 5 règnes du Vivant nd seven of chy- merits of the two lines of division. is a grouping of diverse organisms of is not, however, 2) The three higher kingdoms are disparate directions of evolution. Neces- tion. The range polyphyletic. The Rhodophyta and sarily, some protist phyla are more the fungi is wide, dependent origin lime mold groups Plantae Fungi Animalia that true fungi t best treated as signation as such e of the effort to hin the plant or and that the ex- number of phyla ystem better rep- hips in regard to ion and nutritive of organization 1969 and Copeland brown algae and etter placed, the lants of the sea, major evolution- complexité igher organisms. r have much ad- modes nutritionnels kingdom system eland system in inable character 0el its of classifica- Robert H. Whittaker Whittaker (1969) Science 163:150-160 -Kingdom System
fferent branches degree of tissue differentiation. There is 3) Even with the multicellular algae Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on April 18, 20 gnition of three room for different judgments on the and higher fungi excluded, the Protista Les 5 règnes du Vivant nd seven of chy- merits of the two lines of division. is a grouping of diverse organisms of is not, however, 2) The three higher kingdoms are disparate directions of evolution. Neces- tion. The range polyphyletic. The Rhodophyta and sarily, some protist phyla are more the fungi is wide, dependent origin lime mold groups Plantae Fungi Animalia that true fungi t best treated as signation as such e of the effort to hin the plant or and that the ex- number of phyla ystem better rep- hips in regard to ion and nutritive of organization 1969 and Copeland brown algae and etter placed, the lants of the sea, major evolution- complexité igher organisms. r have much ad- modes nutritionnels kingdom system eland system in inable character 0el its of classifica- Robert H. Whittaker Whittaker (1969) Science 163:150-160 -Kingdom System
fferent branches degree of tissue differentiation. There is 3) Even with the multicellular algae Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on April 18, 20 gnition of three room for different judgments on the and higher fungi excluded, the Protista Les 5 règnes du Vivant nd seven of chy- merits of the two lines of division. is a grouping of diverse organisms of is not, however, 2) The three higher kingdoms are disparate directions of evolution. Neces- tion. The range polyphyletic. The Rhodophyta and sarily, some protist phyla are more the fungi is wide, dependent origin lime mold groups Plantae Fungi Animalia that true fungi t best treated as signation as such e of the effort to hin the plant or and that the ex- number of phyla ystem better rep- hips in regard to ion and nutritive of organization 1969 and Copeland brown algae and etter placed, the lants of the sea, major evolution- complexité igher organisms. r have much ad- modes nutritionnels kingdom system eland system in inable character 0el its of classifica- Robert H. Whittaker Whittaker (1969) Science 163:150-160 -Kingdom System
fferent branches degree of tissue differentiation. There is 3) Even with the multicellular algae Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on April 18, 20 gnition of three room for different judgments on the and higher fungi excluded, the Protista Les 5 règnes du Vivant nd seven of chy- merits of the two lines of division. is a grouping of diverse organisms of is not, however, 2) The three higher kingdoms are disparate directions of evolution. Neces- tion. The range polyphyletic. The Rhodophyta and sarily, some protist phyla are more the fungi is wide, dependent origin lime mold groups Plantae Fungi Animalia that true fungi t best treated as signation as such e of the effort to hin the plant or and that the ex- number of phyla ystem better rep- hips in regard to ion and nutritive of organization 1969 and Copeland brown algae and etter placed, the lants of the sea, major evolution- complexité igher organisms. r have much ad- modes nutritionnels kingdom system eland system in inable character 0el its of classifica- Robert H. Whittaker Whittaker (1969) Science 163:150-160 -Kingdom System
fferent branches degree of tissue differentiation. There is 3) Even with the multicellular algae Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on April 18, 20 gnition of three room for different judgments on the and higher fungi excluded, the Protista Les 5 règnes du Vivant nd seven of chy- merits of the two lines of division. is a grouping of diverse organisms of is not, however, 2) The three higher kingdoms are disparate directions of evolution. Neces- tion. The range polyphyletic. The Rhodophyta and sarily, some protist phyla are more the fungi is wide, dependent origin lime mold groups Plantae Fungi Animalia that true fungi t best treated as signation as such e of the effort to hin the plant or and that the ex- number of phyla ystem better rep- hips in regard to ion and nutritive of organization 1969 and Copeland brown algae and etter placed, the lants of the sea, major evolution- complexité igher organisms. r have much ad- modes nutritionnels kingdom system eland system in inable character 0el its of classifica- Robert H. Whittaker Whittaker (1969) Science 163:150-160 -Kingdom System
fferent branches degree of tissue differentiation. There is 3) Even with the multicellular algae Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on April 18, 20 gnition of three room for different judgments on the and higher fungi excluded, the Protista Les 5 règnes du Vivant nd seven of chy- merits of the two lines of division. is a grouping of diverse organisms of is not, however, 2) The three higher kingdoms are disparate directions of evolution. Neces- tion. The range polyphyletic. The Rhodophyta and sarily, some protist phyla are more the fungi is wide, dependent origin lime mold groups Plantae Fungi Animalia that true fungi t best treated as signation as such e of the effort to hin the plant or and that the ex- number of phyla ystem better rep- hips in regard to ion and nutritive of organization 1969 and Copeland brown algae and etter placed, the lants of the sea, major evolution- complexité igher organisms. r have much ad- modes nutritionnels kingdom system eland system in inable character 0el its of classifica- Robert H. Whittaker Whittaker (1969) Science 163:150-160 -Kingdom System
Echelle ≠ Arbre du Vivant
Phylogénie = Spéciations ancêtre commun spéciation allopatrique spéciation sympatrique flèche du temps aujourd’hui adapté de H. Philippe (CNRS Moulis); Pearson Education, Inc.
Phylogénie = Spéciations ancêtre commun flèche du temps aujourd’hui adapté de H. Philippe (CNRS Moulis); Pearson Education, Inc.
Systématique phylogénétique groupes gibbon orang-outan gorille Homme chimpanzé monophylétiques Homme et chimpanzé sont des groupes frères oiseaux crocodiles tortues lézards amphibiens groupe paraphylétique 1966 éléphant souris vache dauphin hippopotame groupe polyphylétique Willi Hennig adapté de H. Philippe (CNRS Moulis); Willi Hennig (1966)
Les 3 domaines du Vivant SSU rRNA (16S/18S) 1977 33 domaines domaines 1.1.eubactéries Archées (Procaryotes) 2. Bactéries Procaryotes 2. archébactéries (Procaryotes) 3.3.Eucaryotes Eucaryotes Carl Woese Woese (1987) Microbiol Rev 51:221-271; http://pacelab.colorado.edu/
es ick et or h ap Di Amorphea 2014 Fig. 1. A view of eukaryote phylogeny reflecting the classification presented herein. Adl et al. (2012) J Eukaryot Microbiol 59: 429-493
• Caractères morphologiques Phylogénie • assez subjectifs morphologique On• compare les caractères parfois absents qu’on peut observer à l’oeil. (ex. micro-organismes) Mascarpone Roma Beep-beep mammifères vertébrés
Phylogénie moléculaire On compare les génomes sous-tendant les phénotypes. César : Pan troglodytes Mónica & Penélope : Homo sapiens Andy : Homo sapiens
D’où vient le signal ?
D’où vient le signal ?
D’où vient le signal ?
D’où vient le signal ?
D’où vient le signal ?
D’où vient le signal ?
D’où vient le signal ?
Phylogénie moléculaire L’accumulation des erreurs forme le signal phylogénétique.
Phylogénie moléculaire On peut reconstituer l’arbre en suivant la piste des erreurs.
Phylogénie moléculaire On peut reconstituer l’arbre en suivant la piste des erreurs. temps
Phylogénie moléculaire On peut reconstituer l’arbre en suivant la piste des erreurs. AAAAAAAA temps
Phylogénie moléculaire On peut reconstituer l’arbre en suivant la piste des erreurs. AAAAAAAA temps AACAAAAA AAAAATAA
Phylogénie moléculaire On peut reconstituer l’arbre en suivant la piste des erreurs. AAAAAAAA temps AACAAAAA AAAAATAA AACAAAGT AACATAAA
Phylogénie moléculaire On peut reconstituer l’arbre en suivant la piste des erreurs. AAAAAAAA temps AACAAAAA AAAAATAA AACAAAGT AACATAAA AGAAATAA CAAAATAA
Phylogénie moléculaire On peut reconstituer l’arbre en suivant la piste des erreurs. AAAAAAAA temps AACAAAAA AAAAATAA AACAAAGT AACATAAA AGAAATAA CAAAATAA espèce 1 espèce 2 espèce 3 espèce 4
Phylogénie moléculaire On peut reconstituer l’arbre en suivant la piste des erreurs. AAAAAAAA temps AACAAAAA AAAAATAA AACAAAGT AACATAAA AGAAATAA CAAAATAA espèce 1 espèce 2 espèce 3 espèce 4 1 AACAAAGT 2 AACATAAA 3 AGAAATAA 4 CAAAATAA
Phylogénie moléculaire On peut reconstituer l’arbre en suivant la piste des erreurs. AAAAAAAA temps AACAAAAA AAAAATAA AACAAAGT AACATAAA AGAAATAA CAAAATAA espèce 1 espèce 2 espèce 3 espèce 4 1 AACAAAGT Les erreurs étant assez rares, 2 AACATAAA la majorité des différences de 3 AGAAATAA séquence entre espèces sont donc 4 CAAAATAA héritées des ancêtres communs.
Phylogénie moléculaire Il est impératif de comparer des positions homologues. AAAAAAAA temps AACAAAAA AAAAATAA AACAAAGT AACATAAA
Phylogénie moléculaire Il est impératif de comparer des positions homologues. AAAAAAAA temps AACAAAAA AAAAATAA délétion AACAAAGT AACATAAA AAAATAAT CAAAATAA
Phylogénie moléculaire Il est impératif de comparer des positions homologues. AAAAAAAA temps AACAAAAA AAAAATAA délétion AACAAAGT AACATAAA AAAATAAT CAAAATAA
Phylogénie moléculaire Il est impératif de comparer des positions homologues. AAAAAAAA temps AACAAAAA AAAAATAA délétion AACAAAGT AACATAAA AAAATAAT CAAAATAA espèce 1 espèce 2 espèce 3 espèce 4
Phylogénie moléculaire Il est impératif de comparer des positions homologues. AAAAAAAA temps AACAAAAA AAAAATAA délétion AACAAAGT AACATAAA AAAATAAT CAAAATAA espèce 1 espèce 2 espèce 3 espèce 4 1 AACAAAGT 2 AACATAAA 3 AAAATAAT 4 CAAAATAA
Phylogénie moléculaire Il est impératif de comparer des positions homologues. AAAAAAAA temps AACAAAAA AAAAATAA délétion AACAAAGT AACATAAA AAAATAAT CAAAATAA espèce 1 espèce 2 espèce 3 espèce 4 1 AACAAAGT 1 AACAAAGT 2 AACATAAA 2 AACATAAA 3 AAAATAAT 3 AA-AATAA 4 CAAAATAA 4 CAAAATAA
D’où vient le signal ?
Exemple : cytochrome c
Exemple : cytochrome c >cheval MGDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITW KEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKTEREDLIAYLKKATNE
Exemple : cytochrome c >cheval MGDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITW KEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKTEREDLIAYLKKATNE cytochrome c
Exemple : cytochrome c >cheval MGDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITW KEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKTEREDLIAYLKKATNE >humain MGDVEKGKKIFIMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGYSYTAANKNKGIIW GEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFVGIKKKEERADLIAYLKKATNE cytochrome c
Exemple : cytochrome c >cheval MGDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITW KEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKTEREDLIAYLKKATNE >humain MGDVEKGKKIFIMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGYSYTAANKNKGIIW GEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFVGIKKKEERADLIAYLKKATNE
Exemple : cytochrome c >cheval MGDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITW KEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKTEREDLIAYLKKATNE >humain MGDVEKGKKIFIMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGYSYTAANKNKGIIW GEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFVGIKKKEERADLIAYLKKATNE >poisson MGDVEKGKKVFVQKCAQCHTVENGGKHKVGPNLWGLFGRKTGQAEGFSYTDANKSKGIVW GEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKGERADLIAYLKSATS
Exemple : cytochrome c >cheval MGDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITW KEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKTEREDLIAYLKKATNE >humain MGDVEKGKKIFIMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGYSYTAANKNKGIIW GEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFVGIKKKEERADLIAYLKKATNE >poisson MGDVEKGKKVFVQKCAQCHTVENGGKHKVGPNLWGLFGRKTGQAEGFSYTDANKSKGIVW GEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKGERADLIAYLKSATS >plante (arabette des dames) MQVADISLQGDAKKGANLFKTRCAQCHTLKAGEGNKIGPELHGLFGRKTGSVAGYSYTDA NKQKGIEWKDDTLFEYLENPKKYIPGTKMAFGGLKKPKDRNDLITFLEEETK
Exemple : cytochrome c >cheval --------MGDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDA NKNKGITWKEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKTEREDLIAYLKKATNE >humain --------MGDVEKGKKIFIMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGYSYTAA NKNKGIIWGEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFVGIKKKEERADLIAYLKKATNE >poisson --------MGDVEKGKKVFVQKCAQCHTVENGGKHKVGPNLWGLFGRKTGQAEGFSYTDA NKSKGIVWGEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKGERADLIAYLKSATS >plante (arabette des dames) MQVADISLQGDAKKGANLFKTRCAQCHTLKAGEGNKIGPELHGLFGRKTGSVAGYSYTDA NKQKGIEWKDDTLFEYLENPKKYIPGTKMAFGGLKKPKDRNDLITFLEEETK
Exemple : cytochrome c >cheval --------MGDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDA NKNKGITWKEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKTEREDLIAYLKKATNE >humain --------MGDVEKGKKIFIMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGYSYTAA NKNKGIIWGEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFVGIKKKEERADLIAYLKKATNE >poisson --------MGDVEKGKKVFVQKCAQCHTVENGGKHKVGPNLWGLFGRKTGQAEGFSYTDA NKSKGIVWGEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKGERADLIAYLKSATS >plante (arabette des dames) MQVADISLQGDAKKGANLFKTRCAQCHTLKAGEGNKIGPELHGLFGRKTGSVAGYSYTDA NKQKGIEWKDDTLFEYLENPKKYIPGTKMAFGGLKKPKDRNDLITFLEEETK >microbe (amibe) MSDIIARGNVENGDKLFKARCAQCHTTANGAPNKQGPNLYGLFFPKSRSFPGYAYSDPNK NTGKFCIMWGEQTLFDYLENPKKYIPKTKMAFAGFKSEQDRADVVAYLEQSTK
Exemple : cytochrome c >cheval --------MGDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDA NKNKG---ITWKEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKTEREDLIAYLKKATNE >humain --------MGDVEKGKKIFIMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGYSYTAA NKNKG---IIWGEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFVGIKKKEERADLIAYLKKATNE >poisson --------MGDVEKGKKVFVQKCAQCHTVENGGKHKVGPNLWGLFGRKTGQAEGFSYTDA NKSKG---IVWGEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKGERADLIAYLKSATS >plante (arabette des dames) MQVADISLQGDAKKGANLFKTRCAQCHTLKAGEGNKIGPELHGLFGRKTGSVAGYSYTDA NKQKG---IEWKDDTLFEYLENPKKYIPGTKMAFGGLKKPKDRNDLITFLEEETK >microbe (amibe) --MSDIIARGNVENGDKLFKARCAQCHTTANGAPNKQGPNLYGLFFPKSRSFPGYAYSDP NKNTGKFCIMWGEQTLFDYLENPKKYIPKTKMAFAGFKSEQDRADVVAYLEQSTK
Exemple : cytochrome c La comparaison des séquences alignées produit un arbre. 1967 Walter M. Fitch Fitch & Margoliash (1967) Science 155:279-284
Phylogénomique un exemple tiré de la linguistique Potential relationships among European languages based on the naive analysis of 1 word Français TU Italiano TU English YOU Nederlands JE Euskara DUZU
Phylogénomique un exemple tiré de la linguistique Potential relationships among European languages based on the naive analysis of 1 word English NO Italiano NO Français NON Nederlands NEE Euskara EZ
français italiano english nederlands euskara 1 un uno one een bat 2 deux due two twee bi 3 trois tre three drie hiru 4 je io I ik I 5 tu tu you je duzu 6 qui ? chi? who? wie? nor? 7 oui si yes ja bai 8 non no no nee ez 9 mère madre mother moeder ama 10 père padre father vader aita 11 dent dente tooth tand hortz 12 coeur cuore heart hart bihotza 13 pied piede foot voet oinez 14 souris topolino mouse muis saguaren
Phylogénomique un exemple tiré de la linguistique Known relationships among European languages strongly supported by the naive analysis of 14 words Français italic indo-european Italiano germanic English Nederlands Euskara
supertrees can also be viewed as a potential strength. Be- 2004a), the application of a supertree framework will Phylogénomique cause issues of character data combinability do not affect gradually shift from its traditional application of combin- supertree construction, more of the total phylogenetic da- ing source trees obtained from the literature to become tabase can be used to derive the evolutionary trees. This more integrated with the supermatrix framework (see fact, in large measure, accounts for the ability of super- Fig. 1). The timing of this shift depends largely on the application aux gènes des génomes à comparer Single-gene analyses Supermatrix analysis SUPERMATRIX SUPERTREE Supertree construction Tree comparisons Bininda-Emonds (2010) Palaeodiversity 3 (Suppl.):99–106
Arbre des Vertébrés
Arbre des Vertébrés
Arbre des Vertébrés
Arbre des Vertébrés
Arbre des Vertébrés
Arbre des Vertébrés
Arbre des Vertébrés
Arbre des Vertébrés
Arbre des Vertébrés
Arbre des Vertébrés
Arbre des Vertébrés
Arbre des Vertébrés
Arbre des Vertébrés
Arbre des Vertébrés
Arbre des Vertébrés
Arbre des Vertébrés
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