L'Arbre du Vivant Darwin Day 2020 - Prof. Denis BAURAIN - ORBi
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Plan
1. L’Arbre du Vivant
• Quels sont les grands groupes d’êtres vivants ?
• Les 5 règnes du Vivant
• Les 3 domaines du Vivant
2. Phylogénie moléculaire
• D’où vient le signal ?
• Exemple : le cytochrome c
3. Phylogénomique
• Une analogie linguistique
• Exemple : l'arbre des VertébrésL’Arbre du Vivant
L’arbre du Vivant est une
classification des êtres
vivants tenant compte de
leur histoire évolutive.
1859 1866
Ch. Darwin E. Haeckelfferent branches degree of tissue differentiation. There is 3) Even with the multicellular algae
Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on April 18, 20
gnition of three room for different judgments on the and higher fungi excluded, the Protista
Les 5 règnes du Vivant
nd seven of chy- merits of the two lines of division. is a grouping of diverse organisms of
is not, however, 2) The three higher kingdoms are disparate directions of evolution. Neces-
tion. The range polyphyletic. The Rhodophyta and sarily, some protist phyla are more
the fungi is wide,
dependent origin
lime mold groups Plantae Fungi Animalia
that true fungi
t best treated as
signation as such
e of the effort to
hin the plant or
and that the ex-
number of phyla
ystem better rep-
hips in regard to
ion and nutritive
of organization
1969
and Copeland
brown algae and
etter placed, the
lants of the sea,
major evolution- complexité
igher organisms.
r have much ad- modes nutritionnels
kingdom system
eland system in
inable character 0el
its of classifica-
Robert H.
Whittaker
Whittaker (1969) Science 163:150-160
-Kingdom Systemfferent branches degree of tissue differentiation. There is 3) Even with the multicellular algae
Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on April 18, 20
gnition of three room for different judgments on the and higher fungi excluded, the Protista
Les 5 règnes du Vivant
nd seven of chy- merits of the two lines of division. is a grouping of diverse organisms of
is not, however, 2) The three higher kingdoms are disparate directions of evolution. Neces-
tion. The range polyphyletic. The Rhodophyta and sarily, some protist phyla are more
the fungi is wide,
dependent origin
lime mold groups Plantae Fungi Animalia
that true fungi
t best treated as
signation as such
e of the effort to
hin the plant or
and that the ex-
number of phyla
ystem better rep-
hips in regard to
ion and nutritive
of organization
1969
and Copeland
brown algae and
etter placed, the
lants of the sea,
major evolution- complexité
igher organisms.
r have much ad- modes nutritionnels
kingdom system
eland system in
inable character 0el
its of classifica-
Robert H.
Whittaker
Whittaker (1969) Science 163:150-160
-Kingdom Systemfferent branches degree of tissue differentiation. There is 3) Even with the multicellular algae
Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on April 18, 20
gnition of three room for different judgments on the and higher fungi excluded, the Protista
Les 5 règnes du Vivant
nd seven of chy- merits of the two lines of division. is a grouping of diverse organisms of
is not, however, 2) The three higher kingdoms are disparate directions of evolution. Neces-
tion. The range polyphyletic. The Rhodophyta and sarily, some protist phyla are more
the fungi is wide,
dependent origin
lime mold groups Plantae Fungi Animalia
that true fungi
t best treated as
signation as such
e of the effort to
hin the plant or
and that the ex-
number of phyla
ystem better rep-
hips in regard to
ion and nutritive
of organization
1969
and Copeland
brown algae and
etter placed, the
lants of the sea,
major evolution- complexité
igher organisms.
r have much ad- modes nutritionnels
kingdom system
eland system in
inable character 0el
its of classifica-
Robert H.
Whittaker
Whittaker (1969) Science 163:150-160
-Kingdom Systemfferent branches degree of tissue differentiation. There is 3) Even with the multicellular algae
Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on April 18, 20
gnition of three room for different judgments on the and higher fungi excluded, the Protista
Les 5 règnes du Vivant
nd seven of chy- merits of the two lines of division. is a grouping of diverse organisms of
is not, however, 2) The three higher kingdoms are disparate directions of evolution. Neces-
tion. The range polyphyletic. The Rhodophyta and sarily, some protist phyla are more
the fungi is wide,
dependent origin
lime mold groups Plantae Fungi Animalia
that true fungi
t best treated as
signation as such
e of the effort to
hin the plant or
and that the ex-
number of phyla
ystem better rep-
hips in regard to
ion and nutritive
of organization
1969
and Copeland
brown algae and
etter placed, the
lants of the sea,
major evolution- complexité
igher organisms.
r have much ad- modes nutritionnels
kingdom system
eland system in
inable character 0el
its of classifica-
Robert H.
Whittaker
Whittaker (1969) Science 163:150-160
-Kingdom Systemfferent branches degree of tissue differentiation. There is 3) Even with the multicellular algae
Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on April 18, 20
gnition of three room for different judgments on the and higher fungi excluded, the Protista
Les 5 règnes du Vivant
nd seven of chy- merits of the two lines of division. is a grouping of diverse organisms of
is not, however, 2) The three higher kingdoms are disparate directions of evolution. Neces-
tion. The range polyphyletic. The Rhodophyta and sarily, some protist phyla are more
the fungi is wide,
dependent origin
lime mold groups Plantae Fungi Animalia
that true fungi
t best treated as
signation as such
e of the effort to
hin the plant or
and that the ex-
number of phyla
ystem better rep-
hips in regard to
ion and nutritive
of organization
1969
and Copeland
brown algae and
etter placed, the
lants of the sea,
major evolution- complexité
igher organisms.
r have much ad- modes nutritionnels
kingdom system
eland system in
inable character 0el
its of classifica-
Robert H.
Whittaker
Whittaker (1969) Science 163:150-160
-Kingdom Systemfferent branches degree of tissue differentiation. There is 3) Even with the multicellular algae
Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on April 18, 20
gnition of three room for different judgments on the and higher fungi excluded, the Protista
Les 5 règnes du Vivant
nd seven of chy- merits of the two lines of division. is a grouping of diverse organisms of
is not, however, 2) The three higher kingdoms are disparate directions of evolution. Neces-
tion. The range polyphyletic. The Rhodophyta and sarily, some protist phyla are more
the fungi is wide,
dependent origin
lime mold groups Plantae Fungi Animalia
that true fungi
t best treated as
signation as such
e of the effort to
hin the plant or
and that the ex-
number of phyla
ystem better rep-
hips in regard to
ion and nutritive
of organization
1969
and Copeland
brown algae and
etter placed, the
lants of the sea,
major evolution- complexité
igher organisms.
r have much ad- modes nutritionnels
kingdom system
eland system in
inable character 0el
its of classifica-
Robert H.
Whittaker
Whittaker (1969) Science 163:150-160
-Kingdom Systemfferent branches degree of tissue differentiation. There is 3) Even with the multicellular algae
Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on April 18, 20
gnition of three room for different judgments on the and higher fungi excluded, the Protista
Les 5 règnes du Vivant
nd seven of chy- merits of the two lines of division. is a grouping of diverse organisms of
is not, however, 2) The three higher kingdoms are disparate directions of evolution. Neces-
tion. The range polyphyletic. The Rhodophyta and sarily, some protist phyla are more
the fungi is wide,
dependent origin
lime mold groups Plantae Fungi Animalia
that true fungi
t best treated as
signation as such
e of the effort to
hin the plant or
and that the ex-
number of phyla
ystem better rep-
hips in regard to
ion and nutritive
of organization
1969
and Copeland
brown algae and
etter placed, the
lants of the sea,
major evolution- complexité
igher organisms.
r have much ad- modes nutritionnels
kingdom system
eland system in
inable character 0el
its of classifica-
Robert H.
Whittaker
Whittaker (1969) Science 163:150-160
-Kingdom SystemEchelle ≠ Arbre du Vivant
Phylogénie = Spéciations
ancêtre
commun
spéciation allopatrique spéciation sympatrique
flèche du temps
aujourd’hui
adapté de H. Philippe (CNRS Moulis); Pearson Education, Inc.Phylogénie = Spéciations
ancêtre
commun
flèche du temps
aujourd’hui
adapté de H. Philippe (CNRS Moulis); Pearson Education, Inc.Systématique phylogénétique
groupes
gibbon orang-outan gorille Homme chimpanzé
monophylétiques
Homme et chimpanzé sont
des groupes frères
oiseaux crocodiles tortues lézards amphibiens
groupe paraphylétique
1966
éléphant souris vache dauphin hippopotame
groupe polyphylétique
Willi Hennig
adapté de H. Philippe (CNRS Moulis); Willi Hennig (1966)Les 3 domaines du Vivant
SSU rRNA (16S/18S)
1977 33 domaines
domaines
1.1.eubactéries
Archées (Procaryotes)
2. Bactéries Procaryotes
2. archébactéries (Procaryotes)
3.3.Eucaryotes
Eucaryotes
Carl Woese
Woese (1987) Microbiol Rev 51:221-271; http://pacelab.colorado.edu/es
ick
et
or
h
ap
Di
Amorphea
2014 Fig. 1. A view of eukaryote phylogeny reflecting the classification presented herein.
Adl et al. (2012) J Eukaryot Microbiol 59: 429-493• Caractères morphologiques
Phylogénie
• assez subjectifs morphologique
On• compare les caractères
parfois absents qu’on peut observer à l’oeil.
(ex. micro-organismes)
Mascarpone Roma
Beep-beep
mammifères
vertébrésPhylogénie moléculaire
On compare les génomes sous-tendant les phénotypes.
César : Pan troglodytes
Mónica & Penélope : Homo sapiens Andy : Homo sapiensD’où vient le signal ?
D’où vient le signal ?
D’où vient le signal ?
D’où vient le signal ?
D’où vient le signal ?
D’où vient le signal ?
D’où vient le signal ?
Phylogénie moléculaire L’accumulation des erreurs forme le signal phylogénétique.
Phylogénie moléculaire On peut reconstituer l’arbre en suivant la piste des erreurs.
Phylogénie moléculaire
On peut reconstituer l’arbre en suivant la piste des erreurs.
tempsPhylogénie moléculaire
On peut reconstituer l’arbre en suivant la piste des erreurs.
AAAAAAAA
tempsPhylogénie moléculaire
On peut reconstituer l’arbre en suivant la piste des erreurs.
AAAAAAAA
temps
AACAAAAA AAAAATAAPhylogénie moléculaire
On peut reconstituer l’arbre en suivant la piste des erreurs.
AAAAAAAA
temps
AACAAAAA AAAAATAA
AACAAAGT AACATAAAPhylogénie moléculaire
On peut reconstituer l’arbre en suivant la piste des erreurs.
AAAAAAAA
temps
AACAAAAA AAAAATAA
AACAAAGT AACATAAA AGAAATAA CAAAATAAPhylogénie moléculaire
On peut reconstituer l’arbre en suivant la piste des erreurs.
AAAAAAAA
temps
AACAAAAA AAAAATAA
AACAAAGT AACATAAA AGAAATAA CAAAATAA
espèce 1 espèce 2 espèce 3 espèce 4Phylogénie moléculaire
On peut reconstituer l’arbre en suivant la piste des erreurs.
AAAAAAAA
temps
AACAAAAA AAAAATAA
AACAAAGT AACATAAA AGAAATAA CAAAATAA
espèce 1 espèce 2 espèce 3 espèce 4
1 AACAAAGT
2 AACATAAA
3 AGAAATAA
4 CAAAATAAPhylogénie moléculaire
On peut reconstituer l’arbre en suivant la piste des erreurs.
AAAAAAAA
temps
AACAAAAA AAAAATAA
AACAAAGT AACATAAA AGAAATAA CAAAATAA
espèce 1 espèce 2 espèce 3 espèce 4
1 AACAAAGT Les erreurs étant assez rares,
2 AACATAAA la majorité des différences de
3 AGAAATAA séquence entre espèces sont donc
4 CAAAATAA héritées des ancêtres communs.Phylogénie moléculaire
Il est impératif de comparer des positions homologues.
AAAAAAAA
temps
AACAAAAA AAAAATAA
AACAAAGT AACATAAAPhylogénie moléculaire
Il est impératif de comparer des positions homologues.
AAAAAAAA
temps
AACAAAAA AAAAATAA
délétion
AACAAAGT AACATAAA AAAATAAT CAAAATAAPhylogénie moléculaire
Il est impératif de comparer des positions homologues.
AAAAAAAA
temps
AACAAAAA AAAAATAA
délétion
AACAAAGT AACATAAA AAAATAAT CAAAATAAPhylogénie moléculaire
Il est impératif de comparer des positions homologues.
AAAAAAAA
temps
AACAAAAA AAAAATAA
délétion
AACAAAGT AACATAAA AAAATAAT CAAAATAA
espèce 1 espèce 2 espèce 3 espèce 4Phylogénie moléculaire
Il est impératif de comparer des positions homologues.
AAAAAAAA
temps
AACAAAAA AAAAATAA
délétion
AACAAAGT AACATAAA AAAATAAT CAAAATAA
espèce 1 espèce 2 espèce 3 espèce 4
1 AACAAAGT
2 AACATAAA
3 AAAATAAT
4 CAAAATAAPhylogénie moléculaire
Il est impératif de comparer des positions homologues.
AAAAAAAA
temps
AACAAAAA AAAAATAA
délétion
AACAAAGT AACATAAA AAAATAAT CAAAATAA
espèce 1 espèce 2 espèce 3 espèce 4
1 AACAAAGT 1 AACAAAGT
2 AACATAAA 2 AACATAAA
3 AAAATAAT 3 AA-AATAA
4 CAAAATAA 4 CAAAATAAD’où vient le signal ?
Exemple : cytochrome c
Exemple : cytochrome c >cheval MGDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITW KEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKTEREDLIAYLKKATNE
Exemple : cytochrome c
>cheval
MGDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITW
KEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKTEREDLIAYLKKATNE
cytochrome cExemple : cytochrome c
>cheval
MGDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITW
KEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKTEREDLIAYLKKATNE
>humain
MGDVEKGKKIFIMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGYSYTAANKNKGIIW
GEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFVGIKKKEERADLIAYLKKATNE
cytochrome cExemple : cytochrome c >cheval MGDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITW KEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKTEREDLIAYLKKATNE >humain MGDVEKGKKIFIMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGYSYTAANKNKGIIW GEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFVGIKKKEERADLIAYLKKATNE
Exemple : cytochrome c >cheval MGDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITW KEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKTEREDLIAYLKKATNE >humain MGDVEKGKKIFIMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGYSYTAANKNKGIIW GEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFVGIKKKEERADLIAYLKKATNE >poisson MGDVEKGKKVFVQKCAQCHTVENGGKHKVGPNLWGLFGRKTGQAEGFSYTDANKSKGIVW GEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKGERADLIAYLKSATS
Exemple : cytochrome c >cheval MGDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITW KEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKTEREDLIAYLKKATNE >humain MGDVEKGKKIFIMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGYSYTAANKNKGIIW GEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFVGIKKKEERADLIAYLKKATNE >poisson MGDVEKGKKVFVQKCAQCHTVENGGKHKVGPNLWGLFGRKTGQAEGFSYTDANKSKGIVW GEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKGERADLIAYLKSATS >plante (arabette des dames) MQVADISLQGDAKKGANLFKTRCAQCHTLKAGEGNKIGPELHGLFGRKTGSVAGYSYTDA NKQKGIEWKDDTLFEYLENPKKYIPGTKMAFGGLKKPKDRNDLITFLEEETK
Exemple : cytochrome c >cheval --------MGDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDA NKNKGITWKEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKTEREDLIAYLKKATNE >humain --------MGDVEKGKKIFIMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGYSYTAA NKNKGIIWGEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFVGIKKKEERADLIAYLKKATNE >poisson --------MGDVEKGKKVFVQKCAQCHTVENGGKHKVGPNLWGLFGRKTGQAEGFSYTDA NKSKGIVWGEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKGERADLIAYLKSATS >plante (arabette des dames) MQVADISLQGDAKKGANLFKTRCAQCHTLKAGEGNKIGPELHGLFGRKTGSVAGYSYTDA NKQKGIEWKDDTLFEYLENPKKYIPGTKMAFGGLKKPKDRNDLITFLEEETK
Exemple : cytochrome c >cheval --------MGDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDA NKNKGITWKEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKTEREDLIAYLKKATNE >humain --------MGDVEKGKKIFIMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGYSYTAA NKNKGIIWGEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFVGIKKKEERADLIAYLKKATNE >poisson --------MGDVEKGKKVFVQKCAQCHTVENGGKHKVGPNLWGLFGRKTGQAEGFSYTDA NKSKGIVWGEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKGERADLIAYLKSATS >plante (arabette des dames) MQVADISLQGDAKKGANLFKTRCAQCHTLKAGEGNKIGPELHGLFGRKTGSVAGYSYTDA NKQKGIEWKDDTLFEYLENPKKYIPGTKMAFGGLKKPKDRNDLITFLEEETK >microbe (amibe) MSDIIARGNVENGDKLFKARCAQCHTTANGAPNKQGPNLYGLFFPKSRSFPGYAYSDPNK NTGKFCIMWGEQTLFDYLENPKKYIPKTKMAFAGFKSEQDRADVVAYLEQSTK
Exemple : cytochrome c >cheval --------MGDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDA NKNKG---ITWKEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKTEREDLIAYLKKATNE >humain --------MGDVEKGKKIFIMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGYSYTAA NKNKG---IIWGEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFVGIKKKEERADLIAYLKKATNE >poisson --------MGDVEKGKKVFVQKCAQCHTVENGGKHKVGPNLWGLFGRKTGQAEGFSYTDA NKSKG---IVWGEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKGERADLIAYLKSATS >plante (arabette des dames) MQVADISLQGDAKKGANLFKTRCAQCHTLKAGEGNKIGPELHGLFGRKTGSVAGYSYTDA NKQKG---IEWKDDTLFEYLENPKKYIPGTKMAFGGLKKPKDRNDLITFLEEETK >microbe (amibe) --MSDIIARGNVENGDKLFKARCAQCHTTANGAPNKQGPNLYGLFFPKSRSFPGYAYSDP NKNTGKFCIMWGEQTLFDYLENPKKYIPKTKMAFAGFKSEQDRADVVAYLEQSTK
Exemple : cytochrome c
La comparaison des séquences alignées produit un arbre.
1967
Walter M. Fitch
Fitch & Margoliash (1967) Science 155:279-284Phylogénomique
un exemple tiré de la linguistique
Potential relationships among European languages
based on the naive analysis of 1 word
Français TU
Italiano TU
English YOU
Nederlands JE
Euskara DUZUPhylogénomique
un exemple tiré de la linguistique
Potential relationships among European languages
based on the naive analysis of 1 word
English NO
Italiano NO
Français NON
Nederlands NEE
Euskara EZfrançais italiano english nederlands euskara 1 un uno one een bat 2 deux due two twee bi 3 trois tre three drie hiru 4 je io I ik I 5 tu tu you je duzu 6 qui ? chi? who? wie? nor? 7 oui si yes ja bai 8 non no no nee ez 9 mère madre mother moeder ama 10 père padre father vader aita 11 dent dente tooth tand hortz 12 coeur cuore heart hart bihotza 13 pied piede foot voet oinez 14 souris topolino mouse muis saguaren
Phylogénomique
un exemple tiré de la linguistique
Known relationships among European languages
strongly supported by the naive analysis of 14 words
Français
italic
indo-european
Italiano
germanic
English
Nederlands
Euskarasupertrees can also be viewed as a potential strength. Be- 2004a), the application of a supertree framework will
Phylogénomique
cause issues of character data combinability do not affect gradually shift from its traditional application of combin-
supertree construction, more of the total phylogenetic da- ing source trees obtained from the literature to become
tabase can be used to derive the evolutionary trees. This more integrated with the supermatrix framework (see
fact, in large measure, accounts for the ability of super- Fig. 1). The timing of this shift depends largely on the
application aux gènes des génomes à comparer
Single-gene
analyses
Supermatrix
analysis
SUPERMATRIX SUPERTREE Supertree
construction
Tree comparisons
Bininda-Emonds (2010) Palaeodiversity 3 (Suppl.):99–106Arbre des Vertébrés
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