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266 INFORMATION NOTE
on the Court’s case-law
September
2022 NOTE D’INFORMATION
Septembre sur la jurisprudence de la Cour
The Court’s monthly Le panorama mensuel European Court of Human Rights
round-up of case-law de la jurisprudence
de la Cour Cour européenne des droits de l’hommeThe Information Note contains legal summaries of the cases examined during the month in question which the Registry considers to be
of particular interest. The summaries are drafted by lawyers under the authority of the Jurisconsult and are not binding on the Court.
They are normally drafted in the language of the case concerned. The translation of the legal summaries into the other official language
can be accessed directly through hyperlinks in the Note. These hyperlinks lead to the HUDOC database, which is regularly updated with
new translations. The electronic version of the Note may be downloaded at www.echr.coe.int/NoteInformation/en.
Legal summaries published in the Case-Law Information Notes are also available in HUDOC, under “Legal Summaries” in the Document
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access to the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (Grand Chamber, Chamber and Committee judgments and decisions,
communicated cases, advisory opinions and legal summaries from the Case-Law Information Note) and of the former European Commis-
sion of Human Rights (decisions and reports), and to the resolutions of the Council of Europe‘s Committee of Ministers.
An annual index provides an overview of the cases that have been summarised in the monthly Information Notes. The annual index is
cumulative; it is regularly updated.
-ooo-
La Note d’information contient les résumés d’affaires dont le greffe de la Cour a indiqué qu’elles présentaient un intérêt particulier. Les
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of Human Rights, 2022 des droits de l’homme, 2022The Court’s Knowledge Sharing platform (ECHR-KS) will be available to the public as of 18 October 2022.
Having regard to the content of ECHR-KS which will be updated weekly, the monthly compilation of Legal
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Les résumés juridiques individuels seront toujours accessibles sur HUDOC et également référencés sur
CEDH-KS.Information Note 266 – September 2022 ◄ ECHR/CEDH ► Note d’information 266 – Septembre 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS / TABLE DES MATIÈRES
ARTICLE 1
Jurisdiction of States / Juridiction des États
Refusal to repatriate nationals held in Kurd-run camps after the fall of “Islamic State”: outside jurisdiction
as to alleged ill-treatment; within jurisdiction as to the right to enter own State
Refus de rapatrier des nationaux placés en détention dans des camps sous contrôle kurde après la chute
de l’ « État islamique » : juridiction non établie quant au grief de mauvais traitements ; juridiction établie
quant au droit d’entrer sur le territoire national
H.F. and Others/et autres – France, 24384/19 and/et 44234/20, Judgment/Arrêt 14.9.2022 [GC] ........................ 8
Inhuman or degrading treatment / Traitement inhumain ou dégradant
Sterilisation without consent not reaching requisite severity threshold, given unexpected and urgent
context and lack of bad faith on doctors’ part: inadmissible
Stérilisation non consentie pratiquée dans une situation imprévue et urgente par des médecins n’ayant
pas agi de mauvaise foi n’atteint pas le seuil de gravité requis : irrecevable
Y.P. – Russia/Russie, 43399/13, Judgment/Arrêt 20.9.2022 [Section III] ................................................................. 8
ARTICLE 3
Effective investigation / Enquête effective
Failure to effectively investigate alleged death threats against vulnerable rape victim by her abuser and
father, in breach of domestic law: violation
Manquement, contraire au droit interne, à l’obligation de mener une enquête effective sur des allégations
de menaces de mort qui auraient été proférées contre une victime de viol vulnérable par l’auteur des faits,
son père : violation
J.I. – Croatia/Croatie, 35898/16, Judgment/Arrêt 8.9.2022 [Section I] .................................................................... 8
ARTICLE 5
Article 5 § 1
Lawful arrest or detention / Arrestation ou détention régulières
Several months’ detention in the extraditing State lawful, despite 30-day period indicated in the
detention order of the receiving State and counted from the date of extradition: no violation
Détention de plusieurs mois dans l’État extradant jugée régulière bien que la durée fixée dans
l’ordonnance de détention ait été de trente jours et calculée à compter de la date d’extradition : non-
violation
Gilanov – Republic of Moldova/République de Moldova, 44719/10, Judgment/Arrêt 13.9.2022
[Section II] ................................................................................................................................................................ 9
ARTICLE 8
Respect for private life / Respect de la vie privée
Applicant’s conviction and fine for manufacturing cannabis for personal treatment of chronic pain,
without prescription, within State’s wide margin of appreciation: no violation
Décision, relevant de l’ample marge d’appréciation de l’État, de condamner le requérant au paiement
d’une amende pour avoir cultivé du cannabis sans ordonnance à des fins personnelles dans le but de
soulager des douleurs chroniques : non-violation
Thorn – Sweden/Suède, 24547/18, Judgment/Arrêt 1.9.2022 [Section I] ............................................................. 10
Collection of data on sexual behaviour of potential blood donor based on speculation, and excessive length
of data retention by public body: violation
Collecte des données relatives aux pratiques sexuelles d’un donneur du sang potentiel basée sur une
spéculation et durée excessive de leur conservation par un établissement public : violation
Drelon – France, 3153/16 et 27758/18, Judgment/Arrêt 8.9.2022 [Section V] ..................................................... 11
4/30Information Note 266 – September 2022 ◄ ECHR/CEDH ► Note d’information 266 – Septembre 2022
No legal basis for disciplinary sanctions leading to imposition of stricter prison regime and repeated
prison transfers: violation
Absence de base légale concernant des sanctions disciplinaires ayant conduit à l’imposition d’un régime
de détention plus strict et des transfèrements répétés d’une prison à l’autre : violation
Stanislav Lutsenko – Ukraine (no. 2/n° 2), 483/10, Judgment/Arrêt 15.9.2022 [Section V] ................................. 13
Sterilisation without consent in breach of domestic law, failure of domestic courts to establish responsibility
and provide redress: violation
Stérilisation non consentie pratiquée en violation du droit interne, manquement des juridictions internes
à leur devoir d’établir les responsabilités et de fournir une réparation : violation
Y.P. – Russia/Russie, 43399/13, Judgment/Arrêt 20.9.2022 [Section III] ............................................................... 14
Respect for private life / Respect de la vie privée
Positive obligations / Obligations positives
Refusal of a civil claim by the applicants, accused of criminal conduct in respect of their missing daughter
by a former police officer who had been responsible for the extensively publicised investigation, which
was discontinued for lack of evidence: no violation
Rejet de l’action civile des requérants accusés du crime contre leur fille disparue par un ancien policier
chargé de l’enquête médiatisée classée sans suite pour défaut de preuves : non-violation
McCann and/et Healy – Portugal, 57195/17, Judgment/Arrêt 20.9.2022 [Section IV] .......................................... 15
Respect for home / Respect du domicile
Positive obligations / Obligations positives
Failure to protect applicant against new owner who unlawfully and forcibly entered his home preventing
further access to it; interference through unlawful eviction by bailiff: violation
Défaut de protection du requérant face à un nouveau propriétaire qui, après s’être introduit de force et
de manière illégale dans son domicile, en a interdit l’accès à l’intéressé ; expulsion illégale par un huissier,
constitutive d’une ingérence : violation
Jansons – Latvia/Lettonie, 1434/14, Judgment/Arrêt 8.9.2022 [Section V] ........................................................... 17
ARTICLE 10
Freedom of expression / Liberté d’expression
Applicant convicted of propagandising for a terrorist organisation for cutting and handing out slices of
cake in celebration of PKK leader’s birthday: violation
Condamnation pénale pour propagande en faveur d’une organisation terroriste pour avoir coupé et
distribué un gâteau célébrant l’anniversaire du leader du PKK : violation
Ete – Türkiye, 28154/20, Judgment/Arrêt 6.9.2022 [Section II] ............................................................................. 19
No relevant and sufficient reasons provided by domestic authorities for removing election observer from
polling station: violation
Manquement des autorités internes à l’obligation de justifier par des motifs pertinents et suffisants la
décision d’expulser un observateur électoral d’un bureau de vote : violation
Timur Sharipov – Russia/Russie, 15758/13, Judgment/Arrêt 13.9.2022 [Section III]............................................. 19
Lack of sufficient reasons for conviction and fine for offending religious feelings of others through
publicly insulting the Bible: violation
Absence de raisons suffisantes propres à justifier la condamnation de la requérante à une amende pour
avoir offensé les sentiments religieux d’autrui par des propos insultants sur la Bible : violation
Rabczewska – Poland/Pologne, 8257/13, Judgment/Arrêt 15.9.2022 [Section I] .................................................. 20
ARTICLE 11
Freedom of peaceful assembly / Liberté de réunion pacifique
Blanket ban on public meetings for two and a half months at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, with
associated criminal sanctions and no judicial review of proportionality: case referred to the Grand
Chamber
Interdiction générale des réunions publiques, pendant deux mois et demi au début de la pandémie de
Covid-19, assortie de sanctions pénales et sans contrôle juridictionnel de proportionnalité : affaire
renvoyée devant la Grande Chambre
5/30Information Note 266 – September 2022 ◄ ECHR/CEDH ► Note d’information 266 – Septembre 2022
Communauté genevoise d’action syndicale (CGAS) – Switzerland/Suisse, 21881/20,
Judgment/Arrêt 15.3.2022 [Section III] .................................................................................................................. 21
Freedom of association / Liberté d’association
Disciplinary sanctions on teachers for having breached constitutional ban on civil servants striking:
relinquishment in favour of the Grand Chamber
Sanctions disciplinaires infligées à des enseignants pour violation de l’interdiction constitutionnelle de
faire grève faite aux fonctionnaires : dessaisissement au profit de la Grande Chambre
Humpert and Others/et autres – Germany/Allemagne, 59433/18 et al. [Section III] ............................................ 21
ARTICLE 14
Discrimination (Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 / Article 1 du Protocole N° 1)
No discrimination against convicted prisoner statutorily disqualified from old-age pension payments
while incarcerated: no violation
Pas de discrimination à l’égard d’un condamné privé par la loi de sa pension de retraite pendant son
incarcération : non-violation
P.C. – Ireland/Irlande, 26922/19, Judgment/Arrêt 1.9.2022 [Section V] ............................................................... 22
ARTICLE 1 OF PROTOCOL No. 1/ DU PROTOCOLE N° 1
Peaceful enjoyment of possessions / Respect des biens
Positive obligations / Obligations positives
Unreasoned dismissal of copyright infringement claim against a private party, who published a digital
version of the applicant’s book online, without authorisation or paying royalties: violation
Rejet non motivé d’une action en violation du droit d’auteur dirigée contre un particulier qui avait publié
sur Internet, sans autorisation et sans s’acquitter des droits d’auteur, une version numérique de
l’ouvrage du requérant : violation
Safarov – Azerbaijan/Azerbaïdjan, 885/12, Judgment/Arrêt 1.9.2022 [Section V] ................................................ 24
Control of the use of property / Réglementer l’usage des biens
Protracted retention of applicant company’s merchandise after acquittal of director and associate in
criminal proceedings in the context of which it had been seized: case referred to the Grand Chamber
Rétention de marchandises de la société requérante après l’acquittement de son dirigeant et d’un de ses
associés dans la procédure dans le cadre de laquelle la saisie des marchandises en question avait été
ordonnée : affaire renvoyée devant la Grande Chambre
FU QUAN, S.R.O. – Czech Republic/République tchèque, 24827/14, Judgment/Arrêt 17.3.2022
[Section I] ............................................................................................................................................................... 25
ARTICLE 3 OF PROTOCOL No. 4 / DU PROTOCOLE N° 4
Article 3 § 2
Enter own country / Entrer dans son pays
Lack of review with safeguards against arbitrariness for refusal to repatriate nationals held with their
young children in Kurdish-run camps after the fall of “Islamic State”: violation
Absence d’examen entouré de garanties contre l’arbitraire du refus de rapatrier des nationaux placés en
détention avec leurs jeunes enfants dans des camps sous contrôle kurde après la chute de l’« État
islamique » : violation
H.F. and Others/et autres – France, 24384/19 and/et 44234/20, Judgment/Arrêt 14.9.2022 [GC] ...................... 25
GRAND CHAMBER (PENDING) / GRANDE CHAMBRE (EN COURS)
Referrals / Renvois ........................................................................................................................................................... 29
Relinquishments / Dessaisissements ................................................................................................................................ 29
6/30Information Note 266 – September 2022 ◄ ECHR/CEDH ► Note d’information 266 – Septembre 2022
COURTS NEWS / DERNIÈRES NOUVELLES DE LA COUR
RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PUBLICATIONS RÉCENTES
Publications in non-official languages / Publications en langues non officielles ................................................................ 30
7/30Information Note 266 – September 2022 ◄ ECHR/CEDH ► Note d’information 266 – Septembre 2022
Facts – The applicant’s father, B.S., was convicted
ARTICLE 1 and imprisoned on several counts of rape and incest
against her. During his prison leave, he allegedly
Jurisdiction of States / Juridiction des États threatened to kill the applicant through their rela-
tives. The applicant contacted the police on several
Refusal to repatriate nationals held in Kurd-run occasions, including after seeing B.S. at a bus sta-
camps after the fall of “Islamic State”: outside tion. The police intervened at the scene but no fur-
jurisdiction as to alleged ill-treatment; within ther action was taken. The applicant complained
jurisdiction as to the right to enter own State about the police conduct, resulting in an ultimately
unsuccessful internal inquiry at the Ministry of the
Refus de rapatrier des nationaux placés en
Interior, and lodged an unsuccessful complaint be-
détention dans des camps sous contrôle kurde
fore the Constitutional Court.
après la chute de l’ « État islamique » : juridiction
non établie quant au grief de mauvais traitements ; Law – Article 3
juridiction établie quant au droit d’entrer sur le (a) Whether the applicant had been subjected to
territoire national treatment contravening Article 3 – The applicant was
a highly traumatised young woman of Roma origin,
H.F. and Others/et autres – France, 24384/19 who had endured previous physical suffering and
and/et 44234/20, Judgment/Arrêt 14.9.2022 [GC] excessive psychological trauma. The Court could not
doubt that her fear of further abuse and retaliation
See under Article 3 § 2 of Protocol No. 4 – Voir by B.S., stemming from the indirect threat to her life
sous l’article 3 § 2 du Protocole No. 4 she had received, had been both genuine and in-
tense. Coupled with the anxiety and feelings of pow-
Inhuman or degrading treatment / erlessness that she had experienced in the circum-
Traitement inhumain ou dégradant stances, the Court concluded that she had suffered
inhuman treatment within the meaning of Article 3.
Sterilisation without consent not reaching
requisite severity threshold, given unexpected (b) Whether the authorities had discharged their
and urgent context and lack of bad faith on obligations under Article 3 – The applicant had con-
doctors’ part: inadmissible tacted the police on three separate occasions, in-
forming them about a serious threat by B.S. Alt-
Stérilisation non consentie pratiquée dans une hough the authorities had had the duty to
situation imprévue et urgente par des médecins investigate the allegations of serious threat to the
n’ayant pas agi de mauvaise foi n’atteint pas le applicant’s life, at none of those occasions had they
seuil de gravité requis : irrecevable started a proper criminal investigation, as they had
been obliged to do under domestic law:
Y.P. – Russia/Russie, 43399/13, Judgment/Arrêt
– The Court could not conclude whether the appli-
20.9.2022 [Section III]
cant had clearly stated that B.S. had uttered serious
threats against her life during the first occasion of
See under Article 8 – Voir sous l’article 8 contact, when she had called the emergency helpline.
– During the second occasion, when the police had
ARTICLE 3 intervened at the bus station, the relevant police
report had made clear that the applicant had told
them that B.S. had threatened to kill her. Under
Effective investigation / Enquête effective domestic law, no particular form was required for a
Failure to effectively investigate alleged death criminal complaint, which could be submitted orally
or in writing. The police were obliged by law to con-
threats against vulnerable rape victim by her abuser
duct a criminal inquiry whenever they learned of
and father, in breach of domestic law: violation
allegations that a criminal offence might have been
Manquement, contraire au droit interne, à committed for which prosecution was conducted ex
l’obligation de mener une enquête effective sur des officio. A serious threat by a family member being a
allégations de menaces de mort qui auraient été criminal act to be prosecuted ex officio, the police
proférées contre une victime de viol vulnérable par should have at least at that point begun criminal
l’auteur des faits, son père : violation inquiries concerning the applicant’s allegations. The
police had further been required to inform the
J.I. – Croatia/Croatie, 35898/16, Judgment/Arrêt competent State Attorney’s Office of the results of
8.9.2022 [Section I] their criminal inquiries on the matter. Moreover,
even if the authorities had concluded that the
applicant’s allegations concerned a criminal of-
Traduction française – Printable version
8/30Information Note 266 – September 2022 ◄ ECHR/CEDH ► Note d’information 266 – Septembre 2022
fence prosecuted by private prosecution or that
the acts complained of did not have the charac-
ARTICLE 5
teristics of a criminal offence, the police should
have informed her accordingly. Article 5 § 1
– The applicant had contacted the police a third Lawful arrest or detention / Arrestation
time through a letter written by her lawyer, com-
ou détention régulières
plaining about the police failure to react to her con-
cerns and requesting them to take adequate Several months’ detention in the extraditing State
measures to protect her physical integrity. The ap- lawful, despite 30-day period indicated in the
plicant had expressly requested that her complaint detention order of the receiving State and
about the alleged serious threat by B.S. be forward- counted from the date of extradition: no violation
ed to the competent State Attorney’s Office. That
was never done, and instead her letter had been Détention de plusieurs mois dans l’État extradant
perceived as a mere complaint about police work, jugée régulière bien que la durée fixée dans
resulting in an internal inquiry. l’ordonnance de détention ait été de trente jours
et calculée à compter de la date d’extradition :
The applicant’s claim that the foregoing dismissive non-violation
police behaviour had been the result of her Roma
ethnic origin was not substantiated. Nevertheless, in Gilanov – Republic of Moldova/République de
a case such as the present one, where the authori- Moldova, 44719/10, Judgment/Arrêt 13.9.2022
ties had been well aware of the applicant’s particu- [Section II]
lar vulnerability on account of her sex, ethnic origin
and past traumas, they should have reacted
Traduction française – Printable version
promptly and efficiently to her criminal complaints
in order to protect her from the realisation of that Facts – The applicant had, for years, obtained tem-
threat, as well as from intimidation, retaliation and porary residence permits in Moldova, during which
repeat victimisation time he opened a foundation for cultural exchanges
with North Korea. In 2006 he officially left Moldova
While B.S.’s prison leave had ultimately been dis- and, on an unknown date, entered Belarus.
continued and he had been expelled from Croatia
In 2007 a criminal investigation was opened into
immediately upon his release, it could not be disre-
alleged fraud committed by the applicant during his
garded that the police had never even commenced
time within the foundation. An arrest warrant was
criminal inquiries, let alone a serious investigation in
issued and a Moldovan court ordered the appli-
the applicant’s allegations, prior to the application
cant’s detention for 30 days, starting from the mo-
being communicated to the respondent Govern-
ment of his arrest. The applicant was arrested by
ment. The authorities had also never made a serious
the Belarus authorities in May 2010 and was de-
attempt to take a comprehensive view of the appli-
tained there for several months. He was extradited
cant’s case as a whole, including the domestic vio-
to Moldova in December 2010. His detention was
lence to which she had previously been exposed, as
extended pending trial and he was convicted in
was required in this type of case.
2014. The judgment was subsequently quashed and
The authorities had therefore failed to effectively sent for re-examination.
investigate a particularly vulnerable rape victim’s
Law – Article 5 § 1: The applicant had argued that
allegation of a serious threat to her life.
his detention in Belarus for more than 30 days had
not been taken into account for the purpose of cal-
Conclusion: violation (six votes to one). culating the period of validity of his detention order.
Article 41: EUR 12,000 in respect of non-pecuniary The domestic court order for the applicant’s arrest
damage. had mentioned its validity for 30 days from the date
of arrest. In the applicant’s view, that had implied
(See also Volodina v. Russia, 41261/17, 9 July 2019, that it had expired one month after he had been
Legal Summary; Tunikova and Others v. Russia, deprived of his liberty in Belarus. The Government
55974/16 et al., 14 December 2021, Legal Summary) had submitted that the usual practice of the courts
had been to take the date of effective detention by
the Moldovan authorities as the beginning of deten-
tion sanctioned by a detention order issued by a
Moldovan court, regardless of the length of extradi-
tion procedures. That interpretation had been im-
plicitly supported by the court of appeal when it had
9/30Information Note 266 – September 2022 ◄ ECHR/CEDH ► Note d’information 266 – Septembre 2022
rejected the applicant’s appeal against the order, Décision, relevant de l’ample marge
and was both reasonable and practical. It took into d’appréciation de l’État, de condamner le
account the particular difficulty for the domestic requérant au paiement d’une amende pour avoir
courts – before being able to directly question cultivé du cannabis sans ordonnance à des fins
the person – to verify such elements as the per- personnelles dans le but de soulager des douleurs
son’s character, morals, assets, links with the chroniques : non-violation
State in which they were being prosecuted and
their international contacts. Thorn – Sweden/Suède, 24547/18, Judgment/Arrêt
To accept the applicant’s position would also have 1.9.2022 [Section I]
meant that the Moldovan courts would have had to
extend the arrest warrant – again without ever see- Traduction française – Printable version
ing the person involved – at regular intervals. More-
Facts – The applicant suffered serious injuries after
over, since under Moldovan law a person could only
a traffic accident that confined him to a wheelchair
be held in detention pending trial for a maximum of
and left him with severe chronic pain. After having
12 months, in the case of any extradition process
tried a form of medical cannabis authorised on the
exceeding that period, the Moldovan authorities
Swedish market without noticeable effects, he de-
would have had to ask the authorities of the State in
cided to treat himself by illegally growing his own
which the person was detained pending extradition
cannabis for his own consumption. Its use improved
to release him, without the courts ever having the
his quality of life significantly. Criminal proceedings
possibility of questioning him. It was only after the
were brought against the applicant, the case being
Moldovan authorities had the applicant under their
appealed up to the Supreme Court. He was eventu-
control that they could have assumed the full spec-
ally convicted of manufacturing narcotics and a fine
trum of their obligations towards him in the context
of approximately EUR 520 was imposed on him.
of his pre-trial detention.
Law – Article 8: Both the conviction and the fine had
Accordingly, the practice of the domestic courts to
entailed an interference with the applicant’s right to
count the period of “detention” as starting from the
respect for his private life. In this context the Court’s
moment when a person was deprived of liberty by
case-law on the inability of patients to access certain
the domestic authorities (i.e. from the moment of
medical treatments, which it had examined under
extradition in the present case) was consistent with
Article 8, was relevant. Further, the interference had
the requirements of Article 5 § 1.
been in accordance with the law and had pursued the
Conclusion: no violation (four votes to three). legitimate aims of “the prevention of disorder or
crime” and “the protection of health or morals”.
The Court also held, unanimously, that there had
been a violation of Article 5 § 3, on the basis that As to whether it had been “necessary in a democrat-
the domestic court’s decision ordering the appli- ic society”, the Court noted that the issue to be ex-
cant’s detention pending trial had been stereotyped amined was whether the domestic authorities had
and abstract. The Court also found, unanimously, a violated the applicant’s right to respect for his private
violation of Article 5 § 4, for the decision in respect life when not exempting him from the general crimi-
of his appeal against the detention order having nal liability that would normally attach to the acts in
been taken in the absence of a lawyer of his choice. issue relating to the production and consumption of
narcotics, on the basis of the grounds that he had
Article 41: EUR 3,000 in respect of non-pecuniary
invoked for being exempt; namely that his acts had
damage.
been within the scope of the necessity defence under
(See also Buzadji v. the Republic of Moldova [GC], Swedish law: he had acted out of “necessity” and his
23755/07, 5 July 2016, Legal Summary) acts had not been otherwise “unjustifiable” within
the meaning of the Criminal Code.
In so far as the domestic courts might at all be said
ARTICLE 8 to have carried out a balancing exercise with regard
to the applicant’s conviction as such, this had been
effectively limited to pointing out that, although he
Respect for private life / Respect de la vie might have acted out of necessity, his acts had in
privée any event been unjustifiable. This was because the
matter had been regulated by the existing domestic
Applicant’s conviction and fine for manufacturing legislation on the control of narcotics and on ap-
cannabis for personal treatment of chronic pain, proving and licensing medicines and had thus been
without prescription, within State’s wide margin contrary to the balancing of the interests already
of appreciation: no violation carried out by the legislature. Instead, the individual
circumstances of the applicant’s case had been tak-
10/30Information Note 266 – September 2022 ◄ ECHR/CEDH ► Note d’information 266 – Septembre 2022
en into account when deciding on the punishment, might have been adopted but rather whether, in
at which point the Supreme Court had made an striking the particular balance between the compet-
overall assessment of the circumstances of the case. ing interests, the Swedish authorities had remained
within their wide margin of appreciation. Against
The question before the Court, in contrast to the
the above background, the Court found that those
foregoing, was whether, viewing the domestic pro-
authorities had not overstepped that margin.
ceedings as a whole, the authorities had struck a
sufficiently fair balance between the competing Conclusion: no violation (unanimously).
interests. The authorities’ interest in the applicant’s
(See also Hristozov and Others v. Bulgaria, 47039/11
specific case had been principally to ensure the
and 358/12, 13 November 2012, Legal Summary;
observance and enforcement of the domestic legis-
Durisotto v. Italy (dec.), 62804/13, 28 May 2014)
lation relating to narcotics and medicines, whereas
the applicant’s interest had lain in finding a way to
alleviate his pain. However, the case did not concern Respect for private life / Respect de la vie
the freedom to accept or refuse specific medical privée
treatment, or to select an alternative form of treat-
ment, which was vital to the principles of self- Collection of data on sexual behaviour of potential
determination and personal autonomy. It concerned blood donor based on speculation, and excessive
the unlicenced production and use of narcotics, an length of data retention by public body: violation
area in which the domestic authorities had a wide Collecte des données relatives aux pratiques
margin of appreciation. sexuelles d’un donneur du sang potentiel basée sur
The Supreme Court had not called into question the une spéculation et durée excessive de leur
applicant’s submissions about his pain and that the conservation par un établissement public : violation
cannabis that he had produced had helped against
it; nor that the medicines he otherwise had had Drelon – France, 3153/16 et 27758/18,
access to had been either less effective at alleviating Judgment/Arrêt 8.9.2022 [Section V]
his pain, had side-effects that he had reasonably
wished to avoid, or had been costly. At the same English translation – Version imprimable
time, it had found it understandable that the appli-
cant had turned to cultivating and using cannabis En fait – En 2004, le requérant chercha à donner son
and that the offence had been in a way excusable. It sang mais refusa, à cette occasion, de répondre aux
had also considered that this had not been a case questions relatives à ses pratiques sexuelles qui lui
with any particular risk of dissemination of narcotics avaient été posées au cours d’un entretien médical.
and, in that context, that the cannabis in question Par ailleurs, et de ce seul fait, il fut renseigné dans le
did not contain high levels of THC (and therefore traitement de l’Établissement français du sang (ÉFS),
deemed of limited interest for any person seeking qui est un établissement public de l’État, qu’il était
intoxication). Consequently, the Supreme Court visé par la contre-indication au don alors prévue de
had classified the applicant’s acts as only a minor manière permanente pour les hommes ayant eu un
offence and had set the fine at an amount which rapport sexuel avec un homme. Sa candidature fut
was less than what would normally be considered rejetée pour ce motif. La requête n o 3153/16 a été
a fair punishment for an offence involving the présentée à la suite du contentieux pénal qui a
amount of cannabis in issue. It had taken the suivi la plainte déposée par le requérant pour
applicant’s interest in finding effective pain relief discrimination qui aboutit à un non-lieu. Les re-
into account and had reflected it principally in cours du requérant n’aboutirent pas.
setting the fine at the level that it did. En droit – Article 8 : L’ÉFS étant un établissement
There was no indication that the applicant had public de l’État, ce grief sera examiné sous l’angle des
lacked the means to pay that fine, that its payment obligations négatives.
would for other reasons have been particularly bur- 1. Sur l’existence d’une ingérence – Ont été collec-
densome to him or that the punishment had had tées et conservées dans une base de données initia-
other negative consequences. In that context, it was lement exploitée par l’un des établissements de
relevant to the Court’s overall assessment that alt- l’ÉFS des données personnelles selon lesquelles le
hough the authorities of the respondent State had requérant était concerné par la contre-indication au
punished the applicant for his unauthorised canna- don de sang alors prévue pour les hommes ayant eu
bis production, while the domestic proceedings had un rapport sexuel avec un homme en droit interne.
been pending, they had also licenced a prescription De telles données comportent des indications expli-
for him of a lawful medicine that had apparently cites sur la vie sexuelle et sur l’orientation sexuelle
been effective in alleviating his pain. supposée du requérant. À cet égard, le fait que
The Court emphasised that the issue to be deter- cette contre-indication ait été conservée avec la
mined was not whether a different, less rigid, policy simple référence à un code et non la description
11/30Information Note 266 – September 2022 ◄ ECHR/CEDH ► Note d’information 266 – Septembre 2022
explicite d’un comportement sexuel n’est pas dé- collecte et la conservation des données litigieuses
terminant. Il était en outre prévu que les données reposaient sur des motifs pertinents et suffisants.
saisies en 2004 soient conservées jusqu’en 2278.
Eu égard à la sensibilité des données personnelles
Dès lors, il y a eu ingérence dans le droit au respect
litigieuses, qui comportent des indications sur les
de la vie privée du requérant.
pratiques et l’orientation sexuelles du requérant, il
2. Sur la base légale de l’ingérence – La loi faisait est particulièrement important qu’elles répondent
exception, en matière médicale, à l’interdiction de aux exigences de qualité prévues à l’article 5 de la
collecter et de traiter des données relatives à la Convention pour la protection des personnes à
santé ou à la vie sexuelle des personnes. La mise en l’égard du traitement automatisé des données à
œuvre de traitements comportant de telles données caractère personnel du Conseil de l’Europe. Il im-
était autorisée en cas de nécessité pour la « gestion porte en particulier qu’elles soient exactes et, le
de services de santé », en conférant aux autorités cas échéant, mises à jour, qu’elles soient adé-
internes un pouvoir d’appréciation s’agissant de la quates, pertinentes et non excessives par rapport
création de tels fichiers. aux finalités du traitement, et que leur durée de
conservation n’excède pas celle qui est nécessaire.
La prévisibilité de cette base légale doit être appré-
Par ailleurs, les données litigieuses, qui touchaient
ciée dans son contexte juridique. Or, à la date des
à l’intimité du requérant, ont été collectées et
faits litigieux, l’article 18 de la directive 2002/98/CE
conservées sans le consentement explicite du re-
imposait l’enregistrement des résultats des procé-
quérant. En conséquence, la Cour se doit de pro-
dures d’évaluation et d’examen des donneurs.
céder à cet examen de façon rigoureuse.
L’arrêté du 10 septembre 2003 prévoyait la tenue
d’un « dossier informatisé du donneur » compre- En premier lieu, s’agissant de l’exactitude des don-
nant « les éventuelles contre-indications au don nées personnelles, celle-ci doit être appréciée au
temporaires ou définitives, indiquées de façon co- regard de la finalité pour laquelle ces données ont
dée » le concernant. Ce cadre légal, pris dans son été collectées. Dans le traitement litigieux, cette
ensemble, définissait avec suffisamment de préci- catégorie de données avait pour finalité d’assurer le
sion l’étendue et les modalités d’exercice du pou- respect d’une contre-indication au don spécifique,
voir d’appréciation conféré aux autorités internes et que le droit interne prévoyait alors de façon perma-
permettait ainsi au requérant de régler sa conduite, nente. À cette fin, elle devait reposer sur une base
c’est-à-dire de poursuivre ou de renoncer à sa dé- factuelle précise et exacte. Or, le requérant s’est vu
marche de don de sang en connaissance de cause. appliquer une contre-indication propre aux hommes
L’ingérence litigieuse était donc « prévue par la loi ». ayant eu un rapport sexuel avec un homme au seul
motif qu’il avait refusé de répondre à des questions
3. Sur la poursuite d’un but légitime – L’ingérence
relatives à sa sexualité lors de l’entretien médical
litigieuse poursuivait le but légitime de la protection
préalable au don. Aucun des éléments soumis à
de la santé. À cet égard, un grand nombre de per-
l’appréciation du médecin ne lui permettait de tirer
sonnes ont été contaminées par le VIH ou par des
une telle conclusion sur ses pratiques sexuelles.
virus hépatiques par voie de transfusion de produits
C’est pourtant ce motif d’exclusion du don qui fut
sanguins insuffisamment sécurisés, en France
renseigné et conservé. Les données collectées se
comme dans de nombreux États contractants, avant
fondaient sur de simples spéculations et ne repo-
que des techniques de détection, d’inactivation et
saient sur aucune base factuelle avérée. Or, c’est
d’élimination des agents pathogènes soient déve-
aux autorités qu’il incombe de démontrer
loppées et généralisées. Les instruments de droit
l’exactitude des données collectées. De surcroît,
international ont été adoptés pour répondre à cette
elles n’ont pas avoir été mises à jour à la suite des
crise sanitaire majeure et poursuivent ce même
protestations et de la plainte du requérant.
objectif de protection de la santé publique. Au de-
meurant, les obligations positives découlant de Par ailleurs, il est inadéquat de collecter une donnée
l’article 2 de la Convention impliquent la mise en personnelle relative aux pratiques et à l’orientation
place d’un cadre réglementaire imposant aux hôpi- sexuelles sur le seul fondement de spéculations ou
taux l’adoption de mesures propres à assurer la de présomptions. Au surplus, il aurait suffi, pour
protection de la vie de leurs malades. atteindre l’objectif de sécurité transfusionnelle re-
cherché, de garder trace du refus du requérant de
4. Sur la nécessité de l’ingérence – La collecte et la
répondre aux questions relatives à sa sexualité, cet
conservation de données personnelles relatives aux
élément étant de nature à justifier, à lui seul, un
résultats des procédures de sélection des candidats
refus de la candidature au don de sang.
au don du sang, et en particulier aux motifs
d’exclusion du don éventuellement retenus, contri- En second lieu, le Gouvernement ne démontre pas
buent à garantir la sécurité transfusionnelle. Sans qu’à l’époque des faits, la durée de conservation des
qu’il soit besoin de rechercher si d’autres critères de données litigieuses était encadrée de telle sorte
sélection des donneurs étaient envisageables, la qu’elle ne puisse pas excéder celle nécessaire aux
finalités pour lesquelles elles ont été collectées. Au
12/30Information Note 266 – September 2022 ◄ ECHR/CEDH ► Note d’information 266 – Septembre 2022
moment de la collecte de ces données en 2004, cant manner. For instance, he had no longer been
l’outil informatique employé par l’ÉFS prévoyait leur allowed to benefit from temporary release or to
conservation jusqu’en 2278, rendant ainsi possible visit family, keep money or wear civilian clothes.
leur utilisation de manière répétée. À la date du Article 8 was accordingly applicable and the
26 mai 2016, soit près de douze ans après leur col- measures had constituted an interference with his
lecte, les données relatives au motif d’exclusion private life. The Court had to determine whether
étaient encore conservées. À cet égard, la durée de the interference had been lawful:
conservation des données doit être encadrée pour
Regarding the disciplinary sanctions and the imposi-
chacune des catégories de données concernées et
tion of a strict prison regime, it was noted that, im-
elle doit être révisée si les finalités pour lesquelles
mediately prior to the publication of the Court’s
elles ont été collectées ont évolué. Au vu de la pra-
judgment, the applicant had been commended by
tique constante de l’ÉFS, la durée excessive de conser-
the prison authority on numerous occasions for his
vation des données litigieuses a rendu possible leur
good behaviour and been placed under a less severe
utilisation répétée à l’encontre du requérant, entraî-
regime of detention. Thereafter, however, he had
nant son exclusion automatique du don de sang.
been placed in a disciplinary cell for periods be-
Au vu de l’ensemble des éléments qui précèdent, tween ten and fifteen days for breaches of prison
l’État défendeur a outrepassé sa marge rules and had subsequently faced an adverse
d’appréciation en la matière. change in his detention conditions after transfer to a
unit with a stricter regime. The applicable domestic
Conclusion : violation (unanimité).
legislation had provided that a change of prison
Article 41 : 3 000 EUR pour préjudice moral. regime had only been possible in the event of a
flagrant breach of the prison rules. The Government
Respect for private life / Respect de la vie had not claimed that the applicant’s misconduct
privée which had led to the imposition of a stricter regime
(absence from the working place and possession of
No legal basis for disciplinary sanctions leading to a mobile phone) had constituted flagrant breaches
imposition of stricter prison regime and repeated within the meaning of the applicable law.
prison transfers: violation As to the transfers between prisons, the applicant
Absence de base légale concernant des sanctions had initially served his sentence in a prison located
disciplinaires ayant conduit à l’imposition d’un 18 km from his home. After the Court’s judgment,
however, between 2009 and 2011 he had been
régime de détention plus strict et des
transferred to three different prisons, located be-
transfèrements répétés d’une prison à l’autre :
tween 72 km and 1,390 km from his home. Under
violation domestic law, transfers were permitted only under
exceptional circumstances.
Stanislav Lutsenko – Ukraine (no. 2/n° 2), 483/10,
Judgment/Arrêt 15.9.2022 [Section V] The only available document addressing the sanc-
tions and transfers was the decision of the domestic
Traduction française – Printable version court in May 2011 ordering the applicant’s early
release for the first time. It had described the sanc-
Facts – The applicant was serving a prison sentence tions as “groundless and incomprehensible” and
at the relevant time. In 2008, this Court found that underlined the exceptional nature of transfers. It
the domestic court proceedings concerning his con- had also stated that the prosecutor had annulled
viction for murder had violated Article 6 § 1 of the the sanctions as biased and baseless, and that, later,
Convention (fair hearing). After publication of that the head of one of the prisons had cancelled sanc-
judgment, the applicant was, inter alia subjected to tions following an internal review, which had proved
a number of disciplinary sanctions, leading to the them to be unreasonable and unlawful. Although
imposition of a stricter prison regime. He was also the decision had been quashed for reasons un-
transferred on three occasions to other prisons known, and the case had been remitted for fresh
which were situated further away from his home. examination, the validity of the decisions of the
The applicant complained about the sanctions, prosecutor and head of prison had not been affect-
some of which were quashed by the prosecutor’s ed. After the remittal, the domestic court had again
office. In May 2011 the domestic court granted the ordered the applicant’s release on the basis of his
applicant early and immediate release, referring to commendations for good behaviour, his positive
his exemplary behaviour during imprisonment. Alt- attitude towards work and studies, and lack of any
hough that decision was quashed, upon remittal the unfavourable comments from the administration of
domestic court once again ordered his early release. the fourth prison regarding his behaviour or adher-
Law – Article 8: The impugned measures had affect- ence to prison rules. That decision, which had not
ed the applicant’s daily life in prison in a very signifi-
13/30Information Note 266 – September 2022 ◄ ECHR/CEDH ► Note d’information 266 – Septembre 2022
stated that the May 2011 judgment’s findings had The Court was mindful that sterilisation constituted
been incorrect, had become final. a major interference with a person’s reproductive
health status and concerned one of the essential
The above was sufficient for the Court to conclude
bodily functions of human beings (V.C. v. Slovakia).
that the impugned disciplinary sanctions, leading to
It had had psychological and emotional effects on
the imposition of a stricter prison regime, and deci-
the applicant and her relationship with her husband,
sions to transfer the applicant repeatedly to other
and she had felt humiliated and degraded.
prisons, had had no legal basis.
At the same time, the health professionals in ques-
Conclusion: violation (unanimously).
tion had, during a routine medical intervention,
The applicant complained, under Article 18, that he suddenly been faced with a situation (ruptured
was subjected to reprisals while in prison, in retalia- uterus) where they had had to decide as a matter of
tion for the successful outcome of his application to urgency on the scope of the surgery, and where
the Court. The Court rejected this complaint as man- even a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) could
ifestly ill-founded: both the applicant’s and the Gov- have been justified. The decision to keep the uterus,
ernment’s submissions lacked sufficient details on that suture the rupture and sterilise the applicant had
matter, preventing the Court from examining and been taken by a panel of doctors, including the chief
deciding on the purpose of the disputed treatment. medical officer, after a thorough consideration, on
medical grounds confirmed by a subsequent expert
Article 41: EUR 4,500 in respect of non-pecuniary
report, and considered by those professionals to be
damage.
necessary to prevent a future risk to the applicant’s
(See also Lutsenko v. Ukraine, 30663/04, 18 Decem- life. The doctors had not acted in bad faith, let alone
ber 2008) with an intent of ill-treating or degrading the appli-
cant, but had been driven by genuine concerns for
Respect for private life / Respect de la vie health and safety. There were also no additional
elements, such as, for instance, the applicant’s par-
privée
ticular vulnerability, to enable the Court to conclude
Sterilisation without consent in breach of domestic that the requisite threshold of severity had been
law, failure of domestic courts to establish reached, in the particular circumstances of the pre-
responsibility and provide redress: violation sent case, to bring Article 3 into play.
Stérilisation non consentie pratiquée en violation Conclusion: inadmissible (ratione materiae).
du droit interne, manquement des juridictions Article 8 – The domestic courts had dismissed the
internes à leur devoir d’établir les responsabilités applicant’s claim for compensation at two levels of
et de fournir une réparation : violation jurisdiction, based on the following arguments, which
had also been relied upon by the government:
Y.P. – Russia/Russie, 43399/13, Judgment/Arrêt (a) The applicant had consented to the sterilisation
20.9.2022 [Section III] as that intervention had been performed as an ex-
pansion of the scope of the Caesarean section –
Traduction française – Printable version However, the relevant consent form, which the
Facts – The applicant, who was pregnant at the applicant had signed, had explicitly excluded sterili-
relevant time, underwent an emergency Caesarean sation. Moreover, the expert report and first-
section in a public hospital. During the intervention, instance court had pointed to the applicant’s lack of
doctors identified a rupture of the uterus. A medi- informed consent for her sterilisation. Sterilisation
cal panel was urgently convened and decided that was not a procedure that could be routinely carried
the applicant should be sterilised, to avoid the real out as part, or as an expansion, of any medical in-
and life-threatening risk of the uterus rupturing tervention, unless the patient had given express,
again in a future pregnancy. The applicant became free and informed consent to that particular proce-
aware of the sterilisation only after the procedure dure. The only exception concerned emergency situa-
had been performed. tions where medical treatment could not be delayed
and appropriate consent could not be obtained;
The applicant brought an unsuccessful civil claim
against the hospital, seeking compensation in re- (b) An unexpected complication had required urgent
spect of non-pecuniary damage in connection with action to save the applicant’s life, and even more
her sterilisation. She appealed without success. radical action would have been justified – However,
such a threat was not imminent and was only likely
Law – Article 3: The applicant complained that she to materialise in the event of a future pregnancy. It
had been subjected to inhuman and degrading could also have been prevented by means of alter-
treatment as a result of being sterilised without native, less intrusive methods. In those circum-
her consent. stances, the applicant’s informed consent could
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