20 JEUNES TALENTS JONG TALENT CONFÉRENCE ÉRASME-DESCARTES ERASMUS-DESCARTES CONFERENTIE
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20 JEUNES TALENTS JONG TALENT ! CONFÉRENCE ÉRASME–DESCARTES ERASMUS–DESCARTES CONFERENTIE 12
JEUNES TALENTS & CONFÉRENCE ÉRASME–DESCARTES
JONG TALENT & ERASMUS–DESCARTES CONFERENTIE
2012
Nourrir la planète"/"Iedereen te eten
Jeunes talents et experts de France et des Pays-Bas
se demandent comment nourrir 9 milliards d’humains en 2050
Jonge talenten uit Frankrijk en Nederland denken samen met experts
na over het voeden van 9 miljard mensen in 2050
2012
Table des matières Inhoudsopgave Avant-propos — Pierre Ménat 7 Pierre Ménat — Voorwoord Avant-propos — Ed Kronenburg 9 Ed Kronenburg — Voorwoord Recommandations 10 Aanbevelingen World Food Shortage: 15 World Food Shortage: Outcomes of the Young Talent Meeting 2012 Outcomes of the Young Talent Meeting 2012 ! ! Production 17 Production Distribution 27 Distribution Waste 39 Waste Conférence Érasme–Descartes": 41 Erasmus–Descartes Conferentie: Agriculture durable Duurzame landbouw La génération suivante 51 De volgende generatie Discours d’ouverture — Louise Fresco 53 Louise Fresco — Openingstoespraak Table ronde 54 Het rondetafeldebat Intervention de Hervé Guyomard 57 Bijdrage van Hervé Guyomard Présentation des ‘Best Practices’ 58 Presentatie van de ‘Best Practices’ The 50 young talents of 2012 53 The 50 young talents of 2012
Avant-propos Voorwoord
PIERRE MÉNAT
Ambassadeur de France aux Pays-Bas Ambassadeur van Frankrijk in Nederland
Les Rencontres de Jeunes Talents, qui s’inscrivent dans le cadre De bijeenkomsten van Jong Talent maken deel uit van de acti-
des activités du Conseil de Coopération franco-néerlandais, viteiten die voortkomen uit de Nederlands-Franse samenwer-
constituent un temps fort de notre coopération bilatérale. kingsraad. Ze vormen één van de hoogtepunten van de bilate-
Elles visent à renforcer les liens entre nos deux pays à travers rale samenwerking en hebben tot doel de banden tussen onze
un échange direct de savoir-faire, d’expériences, d’idées, entre twee landen te versterken door middel van een directe uitwis-
les jeunes participants néerlandais et français, et contiennent seling van kunde en kennis, van ervaring en van ideeën tussen
en germe l’espoir de relations durables entre les décideurs de de jonge Nederlandse en Franse deelnemers. Ze vormen het
demain. allereerste begin voor hopelijk duurzame relaties tussen de be-
slissers van morgen.
Le thème abordé pendant la Rencontre de 2012, « Nourrir la Pla-
nète », est une priorité gouvernementale pour nos deux pays Het thema van de bijeenkomst van 2012, Iedereen te eten, staat
mais aussi pour l’Union européenne, consciente de l’importance hoog op de bestuurlijke agenda in onze beide landen, en op Eu-
stratégique du secteur des bio-économies. C’est aussi une ques- ropees niveau. In Europees verband is men zich bewust van het
tion qui engage notre relation au monde entier et le sens de strategisch belang van de bio-economische sector. Het is ook
notre responsabilité à l’égard de ses populations. een thema dat ons aanspreekt op de banden die we met de rest
van de wereld hebben en het gevoel van verantwoordelijkheid
La France et les Pays-Bas ont ceci de commun d’être des puis- ten opzichte van haar bevolking.
sances agricoles. De ce fait la coopération dans le domaine de
la recherche agronomique est l’un des grands axes de leurs Frankrijk en Nederland zijn beide grootmachten op het gebied
échanges, grâce à deux institutions de renommée mondiale, van de landbouw. Vandaar ook dat wetenschappelijke samen-
l’INRA en France et la Wageningen University & Research Cen- werking op dit gebeid de spil vormt van de uitwisselingen tus-
ter aux Pays-Bas, dont le magnifique campus a précisément servi sen onze landen, dit dankzij twee gerenommeerde instituten,
de cadre à ces rencontres. INRA in Frankrijk en Wageningen University & Research Cen-
ter in Nederland. De laatstgenoemde vormde dan ook het toneel
Face à l’acuité de la question de la sécurité alimentaire, nos van de bijeenkomst van dit jaar.
collègues de l’ambassade des Pays-Bas en France ont décidé de
prolonger les débats de la Rencontre 2012 de Jeunes Talents Gezien het acute belang van het onderwerp voedselveiligheid,
en retenant le thème de la durabilité et de la productivité en hebben onze collega’s van de Nederlandse ambassade in Parijs
agriculture pour cette rencontre d’experts de haut niveau qu’est besloten het debat over duurzaamheid en productie in de land-
la « Conférence Érasme-Descartes ». Je me réjouis que, pour la bouw, begonnen tijdens de bijeenkomst voor Jong Talent 2012,
première fois, une même publication rende compte des deux voort te zetten tijdens de Erasmus-Descartes conferentie, een
événements, soulignant l’étroitesse de notre coopération. expertmeeting op hoog niveau. Het doet mij groot plezier dat
dit jaar, voor de eerste keer, de uitkomsten van beide bijeenkom-
sten verschijnen in een gezamenlijke publicatie, hetgeen onze
nauwe samenwerking nog eens extra onderstreept.
6 7
Avant-propos Voorwoord
ED KRONENBURG
Ambassadeur des Pays-Bas en France Ambassadeur van Nederland in Frankrijk
Chaque année ont lieu deux évènements exceptionnels qui In het kader van de Nederlands-Franse Samenwerkingsraad vin-
s’inscrivent dans le cadre des activités du Conseil de coopéra- den jaarlijks twee thematische bijeenkomsten plaats. Specifiek
tion franco-néerlandais : la rencontre des Jeunes Talents et la voor jongeren is de ontmoeting van de Jonge Talenten, de ande-
conférence annuelle Érasme-Descartes. Normalement, ces deux re jaarlijkse ontmoeting staat bekend als de Erasmus-Descartes
rencontres ont chacune leur propre thème. Du fait des points conferentie. Het is niet gebruikelijk dat op deze bijeenkomsten
communs dans la thématique des deux rencontres et de l’intérêt hetzelfde thema aan de orde wordt gesteld. In 2012 is daar, ge-
social du thème « agriculture durable », nous avons décidé pour zien de vele raakvlakken en het grote maatschappelijke belang
l’édition de 2012 de faire exception à la règle. C’est un thème van het thema i.e. ‘Duurzame landbouwproductie’, een uitzon-
très actuel, aussi bien en France qu’aux Pays-Bas, puisque les dering op gemaakt. Een actueel thema, zeker voor landen als
deux pays jouent un rôle de premier plan dans le domaine de Nederland en Frankrijk die een vooraanstaande rol spelen op
l’agriculture, non seulement dans un cadre Européen, mais aussi landbouwgebied, niet alleen in EU-kader maar ook mondiaal.
au niveau mondial.
In oktober kwamen de Jonge Talenten bijeen in Wageningen.
En octobre, les 50 Jeunes Talents de 2012 se sont réunis à Wage- Jonge Nederlandse en Franse academici, onderzoekers en on-
ningen. Les 25 Néerlandais et les 25 Français, jeunes diplômés, dernemers spraken in verschillende werkgroepen met elkaar
chercheurs et entrepreneurs, ont discuté dans différents ateliers over vraagstukken zoals voedselschaarste, duurzame productie
de questions telles que la rareté des produits alimentaires, la en behoud van concurrentiekracht, voedselverlies door gebrek
compatibilité d’une production durable avec la compétitivité, aan opslagcapaciteit, transportmogelijkheden, overproductie en
ou encore les pertes alimentaires dues au manque de capacités verkeerd gebruik.
de stockage ou de moyens de transport, à la surproduction et au
gaspillage des ressources par les consommateurs. De conclusies en aanbevelingen van deze bijeenkomst vormden
het vertrekpunt voor de Erasmus-Descartes conferentie in Parijs
Les conclusions et les recommandations de cette rencontre ont in december 2012. Ook daar werd door ondernemers, beleids-
formé le point de départ de la conférence Érasme-Descartes en makers en onderzoekers over dit belangrijke thema gesproken.
décembre 2012 à Paris. Le thème pertinent de l’agriculture du- De aanbevelingen van de Jonge Talenten en van de Erasmus-
rable a également été repris lors de cette rencontre par des en- Descartes conferentie staan in deze brochure die officieel werd
trepreneurs, des décideurs et des chercheurs. Vous trouverez les overhandigd aan de directeuren-generaal (internationaal) land-
recommandations faites par les Jeunes Talents et celles des ex- bouwbeleid van Nederland en Frankrijk.
perts de la conférence Érasme-Descartes dans cette publication
qui a été officiellement remise aux directeurs-généraux de la
politique agricole (internationale) de la France et des Pays-Bas.
8 9
Recommandations Aanbevelingen
Les recommandations qui suivent sont le fruit de la Rencontre Onderstaande aanbevelingen zijn het resultaat van de bijeen-
de Jeunes Talents d’octobre 2012 à Wageningen et des discus- komst voor Jonge Talenten in oktober 2012 in Wageningen en
sions conduites à Paris en décembre 2012 dans le cadre de la de discussie gevoerd in de Erasmus-Descartes conferentie in de-
Conférence Érasme-Descartes. Le Conseil de Coopération cember 2012 in Parijs. De Nederlands-Franse samenwerkings-
franco-néerlandais a choisi pour thème des Jeunes Talents 2012 raad koos als thema voor de Jonge Talenten 2012 de uitdaging
le défi d’une alimentation assurée pour 9 milliards d’êtres hu- om 9 miljard mensen te kunnen voeden in 2050. In december
mains en 2050. En décembre 2012, à Paris, les participants à la 2012 in Parijs bespraken de genodigden bij de Erasmus-Descar-
Conférence Érasme-Descartes ont commenté ces recomman- tes conferentie deze aanbevelingen vanuit het streven naar een
dations au regard de la nécessité d’une agriculture durable et duurzame en concurrerende landbouw.
compétitive.
Het gaat om aanbevelingen die juist nu belangrijk zijn, met het
Ces recommandations revêtent une importance très actuelle, oog op het voltooien van de hervorming van het Gemeenschap-
dans la perspective de la réforme de la Politique Agricole Com- pelijk Landbouwbeleid in 2013, de uitwerking van landbouw
mune, qui doit être menée à bien en 2013, de l’élaboration du op de G 20 agenda in St. Petersburg (september 2013) maar ook
point agriculture à l’agenda de la réunion du G 20 à Saint-Pé- voor de intensieve samenwerking tussen Frankrijk en Neder-
tersbourg (septembre 2013), mais aussi de l’intensité de la coo- land op het vlak van landbouwbeleidsontwikkeling.
pération entre les Pays-Bas et la France en matière de dévelop-
pement des politiques agricoles.
Van belang voor een hervormd Van belang voor de uitwerking
Importance pour la révision Importance pour l’élaboration Gemeenschappelijk Landbouwbeleid 2014–2020 van landbouw op de G&20 agenda
de la Politique Agricole Commune (2014–2020) du point agriculture à l’agenda du G&20 Er is geen tegenstelling tussen versterking van de concur- Armoedebestrijding is essentieel met het oog op het voeden
Il n’y a pas contradiction entre le renforcement de la com- La lutte contre la pauvreté est un élément essentiel en vue rentiekracht en een landbouw die duurzaam is. De opvatting van de wereldbevolking. Frankrijk en Nederland hebben op dat
pétitivité et la durabilité de l’agriculture. La conception selon d’assurer l’alimentation de la population mondiale. La France dat duurzame landbouw staat voor kleinschalig, lage productie, punt veel te bieden. Niet alleen zijn beide landen wereldwijd
laquelle une agriculture durable est synonyme de petite échelle, et les Pays-Bas ont de nombreux atouts sur ce point. Non seule- lage input en beperkte technologie, is onjuist. Een landbouw die toonaangevend op het vlak van landbouw en landbouwonder-
de production limitée, de faibles intrants et de technologie ment les deux pays sont des leaders mondiaux dans le domaine op wereldschaal concurrerend én duurzaam wil zijn, moet juist zoek, ook op het terrein van ontwikkelingssamenwerking is er
rudimentaire, procède d’une vision erronée. Une agriculture de l’agriculture et de la recherche agronomique, mais ce sont voortdurend innoveren. Dit vraagt om voldoende middelen, ook veel expertise. Het is wezenlijk om landbouwbeleid, ontwikke-
qui ambitionne d’être à la fois compétitive et durable dans un aussi des spécialistes de l’aide au développement. Une meilleure vanuit een hervormd Gemeenschappelijk Landbouwbeleid. De lingssamenwerking en armoedebestrijding beter op elkaar af te
contexte mondialisé, doit au contraire constamment innover. harmonisation des politiques en matière d’agriculture, d’aide technologische vooruitgang, op basis van wetenschappelijk on- stemmen. Tot nu toe is een dergelijke geïntegreerde discussie
Ceci requiert des moyens suffisants, y compris dans le cadre au développement et de lutte contre la pauvreté est indispen- derzoek, maakt het mogelijk om concurrerend te zijn en duur- in het kader van G 20 nog onvoldoende uit de verf gekomen.
d’une PAC réformée. Le progrès technologique, fondé sur la re- sable. Jusqu’à présent, une approche intégrée de ces thèmes ne zaamheid van de landbouw te waarborgen.
cherche scientifique, permet d’être compétitif tout en garantis- s’est pas suffisamment dégagée dans le cadre des discussions
sant la durabilité de l’agriculture. du G 20.
Op wetenschap gebaseerde intensivering van landbouw is es-
Une intensification de la productivité agricole reposant sur des sentieel met het oog op armoedebestrijding. Het stimuleren van
bases scientifiques joue un rôle essentiel dans la lutte contre la de arme plattelandsbevolking is hierbij nodig. Daarbij horen
pauvreté. À cet effet, il importe de stimuler les populations agri- ook productieverhoging en intensivering van de landbouw, die
coles pauvres. Ceci implique en particulier une augmentation gebaseerd zijn op wetenschappelijke inzichten en met aandacht
de la production et une intensification de l’agriculture basées voor duurzaamheid.
sur des avancées scientifiques et respectueuses de la durabilité.
10 11
Recommandations Aanbevelingen
Il existe des nuances entre les positions des Pays-Bas et de la Frankrijk en Nederland kennen hun eigen nuancering als het
France vis à vis des évolutions sur les marchés agricoles inter- gaat om de ontwikkelingen op de internationale landbouw-
nationaux, telles que la question de la volatilité des prix ou l’im- markten, zoals de kwestie van prijsvolatiliteit of het belang van
portance de la constitution de stocks régulateurs. Toutefois c’est het aanleggen van buffervoorraden. Echter, dankzij juist die
précisément cette question de la volatilité des prix qui a permis, prijsvolatiliteit is door inspanning van Frankrijk, landbouw op
grâce aux efforts de la France, de mettre l’agriculture à l’agen- de G 20 agenda gekomen. Het blijft belangrijk dat beide landen
da du G 20. Il reste essentiel que ces deux pays, forts de leur met hun rijke internationale landbouwtraditie actief en daad-
riche tradition agricole internationale, poursuivent leur activité werkelijk bijdragen aan mondiale beleidsvorming voor land-
et apportent une contribution active et effective aux prises de bouw.
décision à l’échelle mondiale en matière agricole.
De relatie tussen energie en landbouw vraagt om een herover- Van belang voor samenwerking Nederland en Frankrijk
La relation entre énergie et agriculture demande à être reconsi- Importance pour la coopération franco-néerlandaise weging. De zorg over prijsfluctuaties van landbouwgrondstof- Er zijn in de landbouwpolitiek twee hete hangijzers die vra-
dérée. Les préoccupations suscitées par les fluctuations des prix Dans le domaine de la politique agricole, il existe deux sujets fen wordt sterk gekoppeld aan de fluctuaties van energieprijzen. gen om een intensiever overleg tussen beide landen: het ge-
des matières premières agricoles sont intimement liées à celles de controverse qui appellent une concertation renforcée entre De toekomst van de energiemarkten lijkt stabielere prijzen in te bruik van genetisch gemodificeerde organismen – GMO’s - en
des prix de l’énergie. L’avenir des marchés énergétiques semble les deux pays : l’utilisation des organismes génétiquement mo- houden, door het exploiteren van alternatieve en nieuwe ener- dierenwelzijn. Met een dialoog die vraagt om een creatieve aan-
devoir être marqué par une plus grande stabilité des prix, grâce difiés – les OGM – et le bien-être animal. Ce dialogue implique giebronnen, zoals schaliegas. Reden te meer om beter te kijken pak met bezoeken aan veld en boerderij, met betrokkenheid van
à l’exploitation de sources d’énergies alternatives ou nouvelles, une approche créative avec des visites de terrain aux champs et naar onafhankelijke oorzaken van prijsvolatiliteit van land- boeren en consumenten. Juist Nederland en Frankrijk zouden
telles que le gaz de schiste. Raison de plus pour mieux exami- à la ferme, et une implication des agriculteurs et des consom- bouwgrondstoffen, los van prijsschommelingen voor energie. hierin het voortouw kunnen nemen, ook al hebben zij elk hun
ner les causes spécifiques de la volatilité des prix des matières mateurs. Les Pays-Bas et la France sont, par excellence, les pays eigen zienswijze. Maar door hun sterke landbouwtraditie en
premières agricoles, indépendamment des variations des cours qui devraient prendre l’initiative à cet égard, en dépit de leurs openheid naar de markt ligt het vooral op hún weg om creatief
de l’énergie. visions différentes de ces questions. Leurs solides traditions deze dialoog een nieuwe adem in te blazen .
agricoles et leur ouverture au marché les rendent particulière-
ment aptes à redonner vigueur et créativité à ce dialogue. In Frankrijk en Nederland is de organisatie van onderwijs en
onderzoek sterk ontwikkeld. Op het gebied van onderzoek we-
La France comme les Pays-Bas connaissent une organisation de ten beide landen elkaar al goed te vinden. Als het gaat om uit-
l’enseignement et de la recherche fortement développée. En ma- wisseling en samenwerking op het vlak van landbouwonderwijs
tière de recherche, les deux pays ont déjà une solide expérience vallen er nog goede kansen te benutten.
de la coopération. Il leur reste des opportunités d’échange et de
collaboration à saisir en matière d’enseignement agricole.
12 13
Rethinking solutions,
Reshaping the future
Outcomes of the Young Talent Meeting 2012
On October 10th and 11th of 2012, 50 French and Dutch Young Talents
discussed three major themes linked to World Food Shortage during two days
of workshops, presentations and brainstorm sessions. We hereby proudly present
the outcomes defined and described by these Young Talents.
14 15
1."Production
Find ways to combine worldwide
food production growth and sustainability
KEYWORDS
• Reviewing production methods
• Innovation in production
• Environmental integrity
• Expanding food supply vs. social, economic, ecological considerations
Inequality within OECD nations has increased and the financial
crisis of 2008 brought questions on the sustainability of the
dominant economic model. An economy respectful of our earth
boundaries requires rethinking the nature of progress and pro-
viding instruments that safeguard ecological systems, stabilize
the economy and secure people’s livelihoods.
The most central principle of sustainable food production is DEFINITION
not to use resources faster than they renew. It also encompasses – Sustainability means ensuring human rights and well-being
social, economic and ecological considerations: infrastructure, without depleting the capacity of the earth’s ecosystems
storage, waste reduction and improving and preserving water to support life.
quality all of which are critical to achieving global food security. – Sustainability is a multi-dimensional concept encompassing
The rapid and radical twentieth-century transformation of environmental integrity, social well-being, economic resilience
our food system from sustainable based, locally focused pro- and good governance.
duction, to a fossil-fuel addicted industrialized system threat- – Sustainability can be reached through different pathways.
ens the basis of life on earth. The significant corporate consoli-
dation of global food production has created a food system that FACTS
values quantity over quality. – One billion people are going hungry.
Proponents of industrial agriculture claim that large-scale – One billion people suffer from over-nutrition
factory farming is the most efficient way to produce huge quan- and related diseases.
tities of inexpensive food. And that without industrial agricul- – One in four people in developing countries
ture, food prices would be excessively high. live in absolute poverty.
Opponents claim that the price of industrial food does not – Two billion people live on less than $2 a day.
take into account the true costs of production.
17Outcomes Production Problem 1 — Vincent Martinet & Jelmer Mommers
More diversity More differentiation
However, the conjunction of high demand and supply shocks To elaborate on this point, we need to take into account the
due to environmental and production uncertainties results in difference between staple crops and cash crops. Staple crops
periodic food shortages in some regions. As food production like rice and corn are ‘subsistence’ crops: people can feed on
is seasonal, food supply cannot go up immediately in response them. Cash crops like coffee and cocoa on the other hand are
Problem 1 to increasing prices. Furthermore, bellies have to be filled on a mainly produced to be sold on the world market.
One size does not fit all. daily basis, so demand does not go down much when prices go The global economic system has a tendency to increase spe-
up. As a consequence, prices fluctuate and may increase sharply, cialization, so that some areas of the world are mostly produc-
limiting access to food markets for the poorer populations. A ing cash crops. This ‘one market dictates all’ approach is in ef-
Solution 1 strong dependence on imports may worsen the situation when fect what makes some areas so dependent on the global trading
More diversity in interdependent – trade – systems. export bans or restrictions are decided by large producers. system and so susceptible to the crises and fluctuations that are
A bottom-up approach. Better use of local resources. Dependence is the counterpart of the gains from trade. In the caused by it.
Start local, get help from regional policies long-run, the increasing demand in a context of global changes Imposing staple food production targets at regional levels
and combine protectionism with liberalism. – either environmental, such as climatic changes, or economic, is a way to limit the effect of global supply shocks. Doing so,
such as the competition for land and agricultural products – is even if a region is not self-sufficient it would be less affected
going to exacerbate the tension on food markets. A necessary by food crises.
The past decades have been characterized by a trend response to this challenge is to produce more food. So, how to
of increasing global production and decreasing prices. find ways to combine worldwide production growth and sus-
tainability?
This was made possible by productivity improvements
on the one hand, and by trade on the other hand. A better balance
The issue is to sustain (or increase) food production over
Trade in a context of globalization of agricultural markets time while respecting the other environmental and social ob-
led to economically efficient regional production jectives of sustainable development. A solution may be to define
specialization. It generated gains, especially for regional minimal outcomes: agricultural, ecological and eco-
nomic. These objectives can be formalized as minimum self-suf-
consumers who benefit from low food prices. ficiency clauses or by imposing sustainability constraints on the
production system. And also by defining a viable development
path satisfying all the sustainability objectives over time.
A first challenge is to cope with the vulnerability of some de-
veloping regions to food shortages. Life sciences teach us that
diversity provides an insurance to resist shocks and improve
resilience of ecosystems. Worldwide food production could be
based on regional agricultural systems producing a diversity of
goods rather than being based on a worldwide market favoring
specialization and economic profitability.
18 19Outcomes Production Problem 2 — Vincent Martinet & Jelmer Mommers
Input of politics Combine protectionism with liberalism
Preserving the ecosystems and biodiversity may require limit- We do not only need liberalism and global markets, but also
ing agricultural expansion and intensification in order to main- regional protectionism and local markets in order to ensure a
Problem 2 tain the production system within environmental limits defined minimum of self-sufficiency across all regions. Regions should
The inequality in food distribution and earth limits. on a local scale. These constraints would induce an additional obtain an economically and ecologically healthy balance be-
cost to food production. And there will be trade-offs between tween specialization and diversification. By this approach the
Solution 2 the conflicting issues of producing more food and preserving gains from trading are justified, while at the same time we pre-
A minimum self-sufficiency clause on a regional level. the environment. Here again, the objectives should be defined vent that regions become too dependent on others.
by politics at a regional level, accounting for the diversity and
specificity of production systems. Bottom-up
Sustainable agricultural production should account How to get from A to B? Start at a local level. Farmers get help
for environmental and ecological conservation objectives Insurance in self-sufficiency from researchers and businesses who share their knowledge
Paradoxically, these proposed long-run solutions will come at to develop the skills and empowerment on a local level. Scien-
for at least two reasons: a cost. Imposing an economically viable minimum staple food tific knowledge about local fertility and climate circumstances
production leads to an increase of food prices in the region. determine what can be grown in the area. Careful monitoring
Prices that are likely to stay higher even during non-crisis peri- should ensure that regional growth does not compromise di-
1. These are sustainability objectives in and of themselves ods. On the other hand, this type of production system is more versity.
and in which agricultural production should participate too. resilient to shocks as it will likely mitigate the effects of crises.
An increase in sustainability of the system can be seen as Recommendations
insurance. In the same way as energy markets, where regional It’s up to the farmers and their organizations to impose the
2. An agricultural production system relying on healthy energy security is part of regional strategies. But do we want to self-sufficiency clauses at a regional level.
ecosystems would be more resilient to environmental pay extra as an insurance against crises? This implies spending a Trade organizations ought to play a central role in getting re-
shocks. slightly larger share of income on food. This is a regular welfare gional governments to follow suit. Especially in developing ar-
loss, in particular for regions more exposed to food shortages. eas, governance needs to be improved to uphold import and
In return, one gets the benefit of limiting food crises and short- export regulations.
ages, which are associated with large occasional welfare losses. Trade-offs and required adjustments to trade regulation
should be clearly discussed at the WTO level, taking into ac-
One size does not fit all count reasonable trade-offs: higher regional prices, but a limit
Financially driven food markets cannot and will not result in to food shortages.
an equal and fair distribution of natural, economic and human
capital across regions. The ‘one size fits all’ approach dictated
by global food markets cannot be the sole principle for food
production. Additional regional measures are necessary to get
more food security and equality. They can also ensure that food
is produced within the ecological limits of the earth.
20 21Outcomes Production Problem 3 — Dennis Favier
Mini motivators Next step
Children are the ones that have to deal with the mess grown- This children’s movement of course needs a manifest in or-
Problem 3 ups are making now. By helping them realize it is their future der to share their values about food production with the rest of
Disconnection and disinterest for food production. that is endangered, they will be more easily motivated to make the grown up world. Independent experts could be of great help
a change. More attention for sustainability is important in or- here. They could help the children organizing and structuring
Solution 3 der to make their future lives livable. They are the future stake- the movement.
Educate the children. holders of our food system. Children know what makes peo- Furthermore, a campaign has to be started in order to better
ple move. They force people to explain things in a simple way. inform and educate the children. As always when it comes to
To put it briefly: children are the ones to be the face of change education, support from the government is much needed.
In the West consumers have lost the connection with when it comes to changing the way we see food and its value.
where their food comes from. This resulted in a disinterest
A children’s movement
for food production that discourages people wanting One of the solutions would be to start a movement for chil-
to understand and to change. Children can and dren protecting their future. This movement acts on different
levels and encourages children to ask the ‘why’ question more
must play an important role in solving this problem. often:
– To their parents when they are grocery shopping, changing
the behavior of the parents. Why do we buy/eat this
instead of that?
– To company directors and farmers who produce food,
forcing them to be transparent about production.
Why are these piggies not playing outside in the mud?
or WHY are these apples from South Africa since
we have plenty of apples in the Netherlands?
– To politicians and civil servants who are discussing food
systems, forcing them to talk about their decisions.
22 23In a time when the world cannot feed its own population,
the challenge for 2050 is huge. We must find new solutions
and create better policies, both locally and internationally.
Greater awareness of producers and consumers is needed
In 2050 it is worldwide understood that if we want to eradicate hunger in the world.
– in this rapidly urbanizing world – Feeding the world means, above all,
our cities should take responsibility that we have to cultivate it.
for their own food supply by means
of local food production, in which MATTHIEU BRUN
urban farming plays a key role.
International relations are focused on
the global exchange of knowledge
and experience rather than parasitizing,
to the sustainable benefit In 2050, we predict a global population of 9 billion people.
of our quality of life and planet. We need to produce around 70% more than we do now.
Therefore, education of future farmers is the key.
AMBER BEERNINK
What do we prefer:
produce more while not taking care of our ecosystem
or produce better with an adapted agriculture
which respects the environment?
CAROLINE VOLAND
24 252."Distribution
Come up with suggestions to make
the distribution of food more efficient and fair
KEYWORDS
• Inequality
• Consumption patterns
• Rethinking distribution methods
• Access to food
Enough food is produced worldwide to feed all the people in
the world. Equal distribution of this food however, will not
arise by itself. Most of the produce is often very perishable. It
is susceptible to bacteria, insects and fungus that rot the food
and contaminate it with disease, rendering it inedible. Added to
this, the current consumption pattern in Western countries is
partly responsible for the lack of nutritious food in other parts
of the world.
Challenges arise in deciding on:
– How the food will be distributed among the people.
– Who has the power of distribution.
– What methods should be used for distribution.
There is enough food in the world today for everyone to have
the nourishment that is necessary for a healthy life. The prob- It is known for example that women:
lem is that our demanding consumption pattern is not going to • produce between 60$% and 80$% of the food
change fast enough to be a solution in and of itself. In addition in most developing countries
to the problem of our Western consumption pattern, there are • are responsible for half of the world’s food production
other crucial aspects. • play a limited, yet key role as food producers and providers
The FAO defined food security not only in terms of access • are only recently recognized for their critical contribution
to, and availability of food, but also in terms of resource distri- to household food security
bution to produce food and the purchasing power to buy food • have very limited access to land and tools.
where it is not produced.
26 27Outcomes Distribution Problem 1 — Olivier Hamant
Growing imbalance Easy does it
South America, for instance, is currently using a large part of Theoretically the system should be implemented by FAO or
its biocapacity to produce tons of soybean. This is exported to WTO, but that demands a major reform in status (FAO) and ide-
the West to grow livestock, where biocapacity is already suffi- ology (WTO). Finally, after years of an economy based on the
cient to feed its own population. This imbalance has two other belief that resources are infinite, it is crucial to shift the focus
related consequences. on the nexus between economy and environment into a more
1. Deforestation and the rapid decrease of biodiversity pragmatic framework.
in the South to match the growing needs of the West
(and now other countries like China) Proposition
2. Obesity spreading in the West and in richer Firstly, implementation should pass gradually, in order to al-
Problem 1 developing countries. low countries to adjust to the new system. Secondly, the four
Local production has suffered from trade inequity and free trade. In addition, countries which decided to have an export-based main companies that own the world’s seed market should get
Moreover, there are problems in the transport of these products. economy now face the issue of high value crops like cacao or compensation for being involuntarily taxed. However, they will
coffee being as cheap as basic crops, because of overproduction. have to have a grasp that due to global warming and growing
scarcity of arable land, tensions on arable lands will grow if
Solution 1 Biocapacity as a priority nothing is done.
Regulation based on science: calculate biocapacity. Current inequities are to a large extent the consequences of Arable lands are primarily used to feed the local population.
Finance to achieve local self-sufficiency: an unregulated free market. We thus propose to regulate exports This allows the maintenance of a population of consumers. Be-
tax on extra export/import used for local incentives. and imports based on the simple idea that the priority of bioca- sides, this will reduce the tension on arable land use and thus on
pacity should be to feed the local population. So do not import its price. It will also guarantee that high value crops remain high
certain essential crops if there is already enough. Do not export value, as there area of production would be restricted. Thirdly,
Our planet has limits and is fundamentally unequal essential crops if by selling them there is not enough left over what we propose is already in place in certain communities (e.g.
in its biocapacity, i.e. the capacity of an area to provide resources. for the population. in Switzerland) and we could learn from these pilot projects.
It should not be as easy and deregulated as it is today. The Finally, due to population growth, soil degradation and cli-
This will not change fundamentally even though separation between food for the local population and food for mate change, earth biocapacity decreases faster every year (in
some improvements could be made locally exports is actually somewhat comparable to the recent trend to 2012, August 22 was the biocapacity overshooting day).
separate commercial banking from investment banking.
(e.g. via water dripping systems or soil regeneration strategies). Only one chance
The main problem is that of inequities that we currently Taxing import and export We cannot leave the food production and distribution in the
maintain and even increase. This is not related to some Tools for the calculation and modeling of the biocapacity of a sole hands of the free market anymore. All the extinct civiliza-
region or a country already exist. Based on this scientific assess- tions have perished because they had exploited the local resour-
fundamental limitations of nature, but is something very human. ment, extra imports or exports can be taxed. With the money ces to the bone. Our civilization is doing the same, but for the
this brings in, local associative and entrepreneurial initiatives first time in history, on a global scale.
can be encouraged. Like for exemple the promotion of more There is no second planet where we can start again, and
balanced plant-based diets or the development of crops with therefore it would be very unrealistic not to consider earth bi-
essential nutrients such as quinoa. ocapacity in relation to world food shortage to hinder this hu-
To have a worldwide support for this change of paradigm, this man self-destructing trend.
global system should also replace regional subsidies, notably to
the western economies. It should also be associated with a more
voluntary effort to protect biocapacity, for instance through pro-
tection of fossil water levels (at least via a UNESCO status) or
promotion of vegetarianism.
28 29Outcomes Distribution Problem 2 — Michelle van der Burg
Problem 2
Multi-layeredness of the problems in distribution,
lack of information sharing, education and transparency.
Solution 2
Approach the problem of maldistribution of food in a holistic way. Local production Governance – Multi stakeholder solutions
A lot can be achieved through increased productivity at a lo- The only way to find real and sustainable solutions is through
cal level. Improved farming practices can lead to higher pro- multi stakeholder partnerships. Stakeholders include: business,
First and foremost we should look at the problems around food ductivity and the production of more and more nutritious food. governments, civil society, research organisations, farmers and
security in a holistic way. The world is facing many challenges. It’s also very important to link farmers to the markets to sell consumers. Each of these stakeholders has a role to play and
their produce and to reduce waste in the food chain (especial- should be part of the solution. Private sector should increase
One is the problem of feeding the planet’s growing population, ly postharvest waste). An action could be the establishment of its investments in agriculture, public sector and especially local
but other concerns are climate change, biodiversity loss, emergency food reserves. Furthermore the elimination of mar- governments need to create an enabling climate for investment
ket distorting import and export rates, especially for sustainably through policy reforms, improved infrastructure/financing and
sustainability, water scarcity and poverty. While searching produced agricultural raw materials could be a step in the right the roll-out of training for farmers.
for solutions, the interlinkages between these challenges direction.
were taken in account. The suggested approaches that
Training & Education
were found can be applied across the value chain Empowering farmers and building capacity across the value
and not only the distribution side. chain is the only way to improve productivity and increase the
incomes of (smallholder) farmers.
Investing in training of farmers, many of which are women,
should include: sustainable farming practice with an emphasis
on biodiversity, introducing improved seed technologies, re-
ducing (post-harvest) waste and knowledge on how to access
capital and get produce to the market.
Furthermore we recommend that more emphasis should be
given to food production, sustainability and food security at
schools as early education on these topics will enable the next
generation to better grasp and address these issues from a
young age.
30 31Outcomes Distribution Problem 3 — Sidi Sakho
Scientific study
For more and better production, to feed the 9 billion people
Problem 3 that inhabit the earth in 2050, we must give priority to scientific
The lack of governance and strong need for system change. study. Without forgetting to take into account a better respect
for the environment, in terms of CO²-reduction, conservation
of biodiversity and protection of water resources. We will have
Solution 3 to develop new species and varieties that are well-adapted to
Make prices more accessible without messing up agricultural economics, shortages of water, more resistant to climatic changes and
in which the very poor are the most vulnerable, choose for technologies which make better use of saline waters. We will also have to
more than for obligations, actions on all levels, from family life to the FAO, invest in storage infrastructures, preservation and transport. 1. Make prices accessible
make the food market efficient and responsible. It means also a reduction of losses between field and fork. For Financial markets are useful for having agricultural activities
this, rethinking food models in developed countries is neces- and finance exchanges (insurances, debts, backing). However,
sary. part of that financing – derivatives - that represents the majority
The actual food crisis is not caused by a lack of food of exchanges, are fatal for the stability of prices and relentless
on a global level, but by a lack of accessibility to food Challenge for areas without agricultural politics, both local and sovereign.
To meet this challenge, one has to look at it from four differ-
by poor people. They spend about 80 – versus 20% in developed ent standing points: Solution
countries – of their income on provisions. And they cannot, — Encourage local consumption. This cannot be realized by im-
1. Financial: make prices more accessible without messing up plementing it by law as its verification is difficult and because it
therefore, cope with an increase in price for agricultural produce. agricultural economics, in which the very poor are is not easy for governments to verify whether these regulations
As we produce enough to feed the planet, the problem the most vulnerable. are respected or not. Economics (taxes) should get a boost, but
must be economical, financial and political. 2. Technological: choose for technologies more than how? Taxes only appear on the balance between import and ex-
for obligations. port because of the choice whether volume or value decides.
A short term action, with specific measures, is required. 3. Political: actions on all levels, from family life to the FAO. Besides, it is difficult to levy taxes on poor countries, there are
4. Educational: make the food market efficient and responsible. multiple actors, there are mono-cultural states and there is the
problem of economic and agricultural sovereignty. The best
solution for the stability of prices is the introduction of carbon
accounting.
— In the short-term, regional and global organizations both
equipped with stocks, should be able to intervene in markets in
order to lower prices in cases of increase.
32 33Distribution Problem 3 — Sidi Sakho
2. Choose technology rather than pressure 3. Policy making on all levels, from family to the FAO 4. Towards a more efficient and responsible market
As we think about how to protect the environment, two ap- The policy of “the art of letting all individuals live together” The financial markets play an important role in financing the
proaches compete. On the one hand, there is an approach that with a larger production than needed, asks for strong political food market (debts, risk cover, insurances) but a bigger, more
sees pressure as the solution to feed the world with a limited responsibilities in food crises. And politics; that’s us! In can- harmful part is far more important (derivatives). There is an in-
production, whereas on the other hand an approach states that teens, supermarkets, regions, countries. Our food behaviour has crease in volatility that condemns the income of farmers and of
innovation in technologies is the answer to the needs for food, an impact on political efficiency. Take for instance the easthetic the poorest. To think that markets are willing to find solutions
health and environment of a still growing population. standards of fruit and vegetables of a system that makes you for these problems is utopic as the markets’ only interest is to
The second vision comes closest to our problem. Although want to buy them in large quantities more than measured por- make profit. Nonetheless, we could get more market regulation
we need to answer the question on what to do with the assump- tions or consumption of imported products. when markets focus on the same mission that is our main goal:
tion that we constantly waste 30 to 40% of food and that we finance agricultural activity and promote exchanges.
therefore have to increase food production. Or do we take a bet Solution
on food waste reduction? If a double action is encouraging, it — With about 70% of the population living in urban regions, Solution
will still be difficult to reach both objectives. the policy of cities is crucial in the production, preservation and — Regulation: tax financial transactions of food derivatives.
economics of food. The growing numbers of supermarkets and — Fight volatility: evoke of a storage policy with the possibility
other selling points should be limited from the moment that of intervention.
Solution free delivery to the house is developing. — Make the market more efficient, with more real time informa-
— R&D for crop stability. The problems in this area are the lack — A change in regulation on expiring dates and wrapping of tion, in order to fight against speculation.
of water and variations in climatic conditions. food products should be made in order to promote the long(er)
— Using carbon accounting for the midterm, we will have to preservation of food, food security and prevent waste.
invest in water production and desalination of sea water. — From an educational point of view, an information campaign
— More research on the development and growth of seeds un- should be launched.
der non-optimal circumstances. — A common agricultural policy (including a storage strategy)
— R&D helps to drop the costs of food production. However, by geographical zone guarantees food sovereignty and relatively
this can be a big mistake, if we consider that 70% of the popu- accessible prices.
lation in developing countries lives of agriculture. At the same
time, studies will have to be undertaken on what investments
are needed to reduce the costs of production and which can
improve the income of the poorest. In any case, we have to make
sure that an improvement of production leads to an improve-
ment of the access to food for the poorest.
— Improve the production capacity, as well as the capacity of
transport and preservation, in developed countries and increase
production in developing countries. For as production capacity
and real production expand, adjusted infrastructures are essen-
tial for transport and storage. The more so as certain food prod-
ucts are in the international market.
34 35The most important part of a real solution in food shortage
and a good world in 2050 is a moral change. The economic,
political and social structures of the current world are immoral
and have some fundamental structure problems. It’s a political
The global food system has gone out of hand. challenge to tackle those problems and get a more balanced
We eat food from all over the world and and moral system in food shortage and international solidarity.
whenever we like. We don’t have a clue anymore
about the origin of our food or what exactly HANS VAN DEN HEUVEL
is inside the packages we buy. Driven by growth,
there has been created a gap between our food system
and the local character of nature’s production cycles.
In 2050, I believe the world food shortage will depend on
MONIQUE WINTERS the ability of new technologies to develop sustainable solutions
to organize the production of goods. New diets, new products
which will come from the study on how food can be made
based on the situation in which we find ourselves
and the world at that moment.
AMÉLIA DESNOYERS
36 373."Waste
Tackle the unnecessary waste of food
and find solutions for more efficient production chains
KEYWORDS
• Food chain efficiency
• Global food losses and food waste
• Large and small-scaled waste
• Awareness and mentality change
The issue of food losses is of high importance in the efforts Significant losses also occur early in the food supply chains in
to combat hunger, raise income and improve food security in the industrialized regions. In low-income countries food is lost
the world’s poorest countries. Food losses have an impact on mostly during the early and middle stages of the food supply
food security for poor people, on food quality and safety, on chain; much less food is wasted at the consumer level.
economic development and on the environment. The exact
causes of food losses vary throughout the world and are very The European Parliament calls for urgent measures to prevent
much dependent on the specific conditions and local situation food waste in the EU by 2025. In the EU, the amount of food
in a given country. wasted per person each year amounts to 179 kg. In total current
Food losses will be influenced by crop production choices wastage in the EU 27 adds up to 89 million tonnes, and the pro-
and patterns, internal infrastructure and capacity, marketing jection for 2020 will see a rise to 126 million tonnes, meaning
chains and channels for distribution, and consumer purchasing an incredible 41% increase. In a world with limited natural re-
and food use practices. Irrespective of the level of economic sources (land, water, energy, fertilizer), and where cost-effective
development and maturity of systems in a country, food losses solutions are to be found to produce enough safe and nutritious
should be kept to a minimum. food for all, reducing food losses should not be a forgotten pri-
Food losses represent a waste of resources used in produc- ority.
tion such as land, water, energy and inputs. Producing food that
will not be consumed leads to unnecessary CO² emissions in
addition to loss of economic value of the food produced.
Food is lost or wasted throughout the supply chain, from ini-
tial agricultural production down to final household consump-
tion. In medium- and high-income countries food is to a signif-
icant extent wasted at the consumption stage, meaning that it
is discarded even if it is still suitable for human consumption.
38 39Outcomes Waste Problem 1 — Marion Jourdan
Solutions
Food losses are not limited to waste during production and — To tackle the problem of food waste at the household level
distribution processes but also occur at the level of household we need to reconnect the consumer with the emotional, cultural
consumption, mainly in developed countries. and economic values of food.
Nowadays, children think that milk comes from the super-
market in cartons and do not know that it comes from cows. — In recreating the emotional link with food, one should focus
This is an emblematic and alarming example of the existing on raising awareness on the origin of food, as in: where does it
disconnection between the consumer and the value of food. come from?, through awareness campaigns (mass media).
Problem 1 Concrete examples such as “cow in the city” or having a one
Disconnection with value – in a broad sense – of food. Lack of communication about products in terms of origin and meter square with growing vegetables in supermarkets could be
resource participates to the loss of respect for the value of food used for these campaigns supported by EU and tested as pilots
and as a consequence to the easiness with which it is thrown in France and Netherlands.
Solution 1 away at the household level. — Recreating the cultural value of food will happen through
Mass-education and availability of information, education by building programs in partnership with schools
which leads to the respect of the product and reduces waste. Many factors participate to the disconnection with the value of and farms.
food: lack of knowledge on how to use the products (i.e. cook- Examples: regularly cooking together at school, having spent
ing), lack of information on the resources cost (land, water, en- one week at a farm and in the field needed to obtain high school
ergy), high aesthetic standard as the norm, pressure to buy more diploma.
than needed, easy accessibility and easy replacement. — Restoring the economic value of food implies to adapt the re-
lationship consumer-supermarket by considering supermarkets
as potential drivers of initiatives to reduce waste.
When food is close to the expiration date, supermarket policy is
often to propose 2 products for the price of one, thus encourag-
ing consumer to buy and displacing the waste from their end to
the consumer. To limit this process, the price of products close
to expiration date should be reduced. A more original initiative
could also be to promote cooking expiring products on site (or
in partnership with nearby restaurant) and sell these freshly
made meals at an affordable price.
40 41Outcomes Waste Problem 2 — Margaux Pibarot
Solution Short-term solutions
— Re-localizing food markets and shortening and reducing — Labeling products based on where they come from so that the
Problem 2 steps in food chains. consumers can make a conscious choice.
The complexity of systems and long chains — Reconnecting supermarkets with consumers. — More efficient connections between producers and consu-
— Increase the visibility of local and seasonal products, lobby mers (through local food markets, CSAs, etc.) and incentives to
for legislation that will make it easily accessible both financially eat local foods.
Solution 2 and technically. — Creating an online ranking of supermarkets accessible to all
Re-localizing food markets and shortening and reducing steps in food chains. depending on the type of food they sell. The more local, seaso-
Reconnect supermarkets with the consumers. It is up to all major players in the food distribution and prepa- nal food, the better the ranking.
ration realm to take action in this matter. — Diagnose by a worldwide study on where the waste is in order
to tackle the problem where it is worst.
The complexity of food chains create and increase unnecessary Two types of solutions were thought of: — Database of local producers/farmer “agents” accessible to all
waste: chains are too long and not located efficiently. 1. Short term: easy to put in place to be able to choose easily where to go buy local food.
2. Long term: many different players have to be put together — Mutualizing transportation of products amongst different
and/or actions will take longer to put in place. local food producers. Increase efficiency leads to less waste.
Long-term solutions
— Tax distance at all levels (i.e. if potatoes sold in French super-
markets were grown in Egypt using Irish soil and US chemicals,
all of these steps are taxed resulting in an increase of price for
non-local production).
— Tackle standardization of products, making products more
adaptable to their location and therefore having a better chance
of surviving transportation.
— Re-negotiate WTO trade agreements to make world produce
markets less of a business and more human.
— Apply the strategy of regional metabolism: use waste on-site,
valorize waste locally.
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