THE DRONEPORT PROJECT - L'ARCHITECTURE D'AUJOURD'HUI - Block Research Group
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L'ARCHITECTURE D'AUJOURD'HUI
HORS-SÉRIE
PERSPECTIVES
THE
D RO N E P O RT
P RO J E C T
L'ARCHITECTURE D'AUJOURD'HUI
The
Droneport
Project
01
Foreword Avant-propos
Learning from Venice
“The LafargeHolcim Awards
has not only brought Emmanuelle Borne
awareness, but has also
raised the standard for how
we deal with sustainability.” A little more than a year ago, architecture
websites were overrun with a variety of
Beijing airport. If completed as planned, this
compressed earth brick vault will only be the
LafargeHolcim Research Centre near Lyon,
not to mention a Spanish mason highly skilled
Alejandro Aravena, Partner Architect at Elemental, Chile. viewpoints on an unusual structure called visible part of a project that will contribute to in building vaulted structures; and they have
Member of the Board of the LafargeHolcim Foundation “Droneport”. Designed by Foster + Partners, opening up remote regions of Africa. It will help all demonstrated rare commitment that is
since 2013. Pritzker Prize laureate 2016.
the elegantly curved brick vault project transport medical and emergency supplies worthy of praise.
seemed modest in relation to the British to the African communities. The Droneport Venice is only one step out of many in a
architect’s ambitious infrastructure stemmed from a discussion between Norman research and development process that will
developments. Attractive images showed Foster and Jonathan Ledgard, founder of the continue beyond the Biennale. The founders of
the beginnings of a humanitarian project, Redline and Blueline projects. His goal is to and contributors to the Droneport will continue
which feasibility was questionable at the use the now almost exclusively army drones to work to perfect a structure that could be
time. Less than a year later, a full scale for the development of future networks, built without the need for complex training. Not
prototype on the Arsenal docks was among where droneports will serve as terminals. mere charity, the Droneport advocates the self-
5th International LafargeHolcim Awards
the most attractive exhibits of the 15th Venice There have been many contributors to this sufficiency of the people it is intended for. At first
Renowned technical universities host
Architecture Biennale. project, such as the Block Research Group glance a modest structure made of compressed
the independent juries in five regions
for sustainable construction projects. of the world. The juries evaluate entries
The Droneport is the first milestone in a network
at least as ambitious as the monumental
(ETH in Zurich), Ochsendorf DeJong & Block
engineers (MIT and Cambridge) and the
earth bricks, this skilled geometrical vault holds
the promise of a brighter future.
Prize money totals USD 2 million. against the “target issues” for sustain-
able construction. The competition has
categories for projects at an advanced
Français
stage of design, and also for visionary
ideas of young professionals and docks de l’Arsenal, un prototype échelle 1 d’études Ochsendorf DeJong & Block (MIT
faisait partie des curiosités de la 15e Biennale et Cambridge), le centre de recherche
La leçon
students.
d’architecture de Venise. LafargeHolcim près de Lyon, sans oublier
Le Droneport est le premier jalon d’un un maçon espagnol rompu à la construction
The LafargeHolcim Awards is an initia-
tive of the LafargeHolcim Foundation
de Venise réseau dont l’ambition vaut bien l’immense
aéroport de Pékin. Car cette voûte composée
de structure en voûtes... Les acteurs ayant
contribué à ce projet sont nombreux et tous
essentiellement de briques en terre crue n’est ont fait preuve d’un engagement rare qui
for Sustainable Construction and is
que la partie visible d’un projet qui, s’il est bien mérite d’être souligné.
supported by LafargeHolcim – helping mené à terme, participera au désenclavement Venise n’est qu’une étape parmi d’autres
the world to build better. Il y a un peu plus d’un an, les sites Internet de régions reculées du continent africain dans une démarche de recherche et
d’architecture étaient envahis par les en permettant notamment l’acheminement développement qui se poursuivra au-delà de
perspectives d’une originale structure de médicaments et biens de première la Biennale. Les initiateurs et contributeurs
www.lafargeholcim-awards.org
prénommée « Droneport ». Signé Foster nécessité aux populations concernées. Le du Droneport continuent de travailler
+ Partners, le projet composé de voûtes Droneport est né d’échanges entre Norman pour mettre au point une structure qui
en briques à l’élégante courbure semblait Foster et Jonathan Ledgard, initiateur des pourra être érigée sans recours à une
bien modeste au regard des infrastructures projets Redline et Blueline, dont l’objectif laborieuse formation. Loin de toute
d’envergure de l’architecte britannique. Les est de détourner l’usage quasi exclusivement charité, le Droneport mise sur l’autonomie
séduisantes images étaient alors présentées militaire des drones pour le développement des populations auxquelles il s’adresse. À
comme les prémices d’un projet humanitaire de futurs réseaux où les droneports joueront première vue composée de modestes pavés en
dont on pouvait à l’époque interroger la le rôle de terminaux. Le laboratoire Block terre crue, cette voûte à la géométrie savante
foreword
faisabilité. Moins d’un an plus tard, sur les Research Group (ETH de Zurich), le bureau abrite la promesse d’un avenir meilleur.
03
The world’s most significant competition in sustainable design.
Foreword Avant-propos
Learning from Venice
“The LafargeHolcim Awards
has not only brought Emmanuelle Borne
awareness, but has also
raised the standard for how
we deal with sustainability.” A little more than a year ago, architecture
websites were overrun with a variety of
Beijing airport. If completed as planned, this
compressed earth brick vault will only be the
LafargeHolcim Research Centre near Lyon,
not to mention a Spanish mason highly skilled
Alejandro Aravena, Partner Architect at Elemental, Chile. viewpoints on an unusual structure called visible part of a project that will contribute to in building vaulted structures; and they have
Member of the Board of the LafargeHolcim Foundation “Droneport”. Designed by Foster + Partners, opening up remote regions of Africa. It will help all demonstrated rare commitment that is
since 2013. Pritzker Prize laureate 2016.
the elegantly curved brick vault project transport medical and emergency supplies worthy of praise.
seemed modest in relation to the British to the African communities. The Droneport Venice is only one step out of many in a
architect’s ambitious infrastructure stemmed from a discussion between Norman research and development process that will
developments. Attractive images showed Foster and Jonathan Ledgard, founder of the continue beyond the Biennale. The founders of
the beginnings of a humanitarian project, Redline and Blueline projects. His goal is to and contributors to the Droneport will continue
which feasibility was questionable at the use the now almost exclusively army drones to work to perfect a structure that could be
time. Less than a year later, a full scale for the development of future networks, built without the need for complex training. Not
prototype on the Arsenal docks was among where droneports will serve as terminals. mere charity, the Droneport advocates the self-
5th International LafargeHolcim Awards
the most attractive exhibits of the 15th Venice There have been many contributors to this sufficiency of the people it is intended for. At first
Renowned technical universities host
Architecture Biennale. project, such as the Block Research Group glance a modest structure made of compressed
the independent juries in five regions
for sustainable construction projects. of the world. The juries evaluate entries
The Droneport is the first milestone in a network
at least as ambitious as the monumental
(ETH in Zurich), Ochsendorf DeJong & Block
engineers (MIT and Cambridge) and the
earth bricks, this skilled geometrical vault holds
the promise of a brighter future.
Prize money totals USD 2 million. against the “target issues” for sustain-
able construction. The competition has
categories for projects at an advanced
Français
stage of design, and also for visionary
ideas of young professionals and docks de l’Arsenal, un prototype échelle 1 d’études Ochsendorf DeJong & Block (MIT
faisait partie des curiosités de la 15e Biennale et Cambridge), le centre de recherche
La leçon
students.
d’architecture de Venise. LafargeHolcim près de Lyon, sans oublier
Le Droneport est le premier jalon d’un un maçon espagnol rompu à la construction
The LafargeHolcim Awards is an initia-
tive of the LafargeHolcim Foundation
de Venise réseau dont l’ambition vaut bien l’immense
aéroport de Pékin. Car cette voûte composée
de structure en voûtes... Les acteurs ayant
contribué à ce projet sont nombreux et tous
essentiellement de briques en terre crue n’est ont fait preuve d’un engagement rare qui
for Sustainable Construction and is
que la partie visible d’un projet qui, s’il est bien mérite d’être souligné.
supported by LafargeHolcim – helping mené à terme, participera au désenclavement Venise n’est qu’une étape parmi d’autres
the world to build better. Il y a un peu plus d’un an, les sites Internet de régions reculées du continent africain dans une démarche de recherche et
d’architecture étaient envahis par les en permettant notamment l’acheminement développement qui se poursuivra au-delà de
perspectives d’une originale structure de médicaments et biens de première la Biennale. Les initiateurs et contributeurs
www.lafargeholcim-awards.org
prénommée « Droneport ». Signé Foster nécessité aux populations concernées. Le du Droneport continuent de travailler
+ Partners, le projet composé de voûtes Droneport est né d’échanges entre Norman pour mettre au point une structure qui
en briques à l’élégante courbure semblait Foster et Jonathan Ledgard, initiateur des pourra être érigée sans recours à une
bien modeste au regard des infrastructures projets Redline et Blueline, dont l’objectif laborieuse formation. Loin de toute
d’envergure de l’architecte britannique. Les est de détourner l’usage quasi exclusivement charité, le Droneport mise sur l’autonomie
séduisantes images étaient alors présentées militaire des drones pour le développement des populations auxquelles il s’adresse. À
comme les prémices d’un projet humanitaire de futurs réseaux où les droneports joueront première vue composée de modestes pavés en
dont on pouvait à l’époque interroger la le rôle de terminaux. Le laboratoire Block terre crue, cette voûte à la géométrie savante
foreword
faisabilité. Moins d’un an plus tard, sur les Research Group (ETH de Zurich), le bureau abrite la promesse d’un avenir meilleur.
03
The world’s most significant competition in sustainable design.
Editorial
The Droneport
in Venice – and beyond
Edwin Heathcote
The red bricks of the Droneport seemed to It is the physical realization of Marshall
slot right in on the naval docks of Venice McLuhan’s global village.
Arsenale. The crumbling brick walls This was a structure which slotted seamlessly
surrounding the little structure, the rusting into Alejandro Aravena’s Biennale. If
cranes and cast iron bollards, the rotting Aravena’s intention was to understand
wooden posts and the boats gently rocking how architects can marshall their skills to
in the waters produce a picture of a transport affect the wider world, bringing together
infrastructure of the past, almost a museum architecture and activism, the Droneport
piece in the high-tech era of ethereal was a quiet success. Its blend of nascent
cyberspace. The elegant brick curves of the urbanism, high-tech and low-tech, ease of
vault seem to suggest a thread tying this one- construction and an optimistic embodiment
time trading infrastructure to a new future of of a brighter future were perfectly suited to
remote airborne transport, a transition from the waters lapping around the Arsenale.
seafaring to airfaring, the seas to the skies. Like so many of the works Aravena
It’s a powerful image and certainly not s e l e c t e d , t h e D ro n e p o r t a d d re s s e s
one that has happened by accident. The the difficult issues of the global South
Droneport caused a stir in Venice as it is without sacrificing elegance for utility.
exactly what any exhibition of architecture Sitting on the docks, this is clearly a
tends to lack – an actual, full-scale building, beautiful thing – a structure which owes
as opposed to a mock-up, a model or a a little something to Gaudí, a little to
fragment from which to extrapolate. This Candela, to Cuba and to Catalonia. It
was the real thing. But Venice was just the is a thing which exists in a seemingly
shop window. The Droneport, designed very different world to the clean, white
by Norman Foster, is a serious attempt to l i n e s o f Fo s te r + Pa r t n e r s ’ a i r p o r t s
harness the architect’s passion for planes and management schools, one which
and for the epic architecture of infrastructure addresses a grittier reality yet one which
and transport. It is also, though, an attempt could arguably exert a far greater impact.
to harness the rapid improvements in Aravena’s purpose in the Biennale was
technology for the benefit of the poorest, a to use the exhibition to broaden not only
leapfrogging of development allowing aid the ambition of architecture but also its
and supplies to reach remote communities definition. And it is the idealism which
without the massive infrastructure needed makes this such a compelling project. This is Norman Foster’s sketches Dessins de Norman Foster présentant
editorial
editorial
for road, rail and conventional air transport. an idea which could make a real difference. for the Droneport concept. le concept du Droneport.
04 05
Editorial
The Droneport
in Venice – and beyond
Edwin Heathcote
The red bricks of the Droneport seemed to It is the physical realization of Marshall
slot right in on the naval docks of Venice McLuhan’s global village.
Arsenale. The crumbling brick walls This was a structure which slotted seamlessly
surrounding the little structure, the rusting into Alejandro Aravena’s Biennale. If
cranes and cast iron bollards, the rotting Aravena’s intention was to understand
wooden posts and the boats gently rocking how architects can marshall their skills to
in the waters produce a picture of a transport affect the wider world, bringing together
infrastructure of the past, almost a museum architecture and activism, the Droneport
piece in the high-tech era of ethereal was a quiet success. Its blend of nascent
cyberspace. The elegant brick curves of the urbanism, high-tech and low-tech, ease of
vault seem to suggest a thread tying this one- construction and an optimistic embodiment
time trading infrastructure to a new future of of a brighter future were perfectly suited to
remote airborne transport, a transition from the waters lapping around the Arsenale.
seafaring to airfaring, the seas to the skies. Like so many of the works Aravena
It’s a powerful image and certainly not s e l e c t e d , t h e D ro n e p o r t a d d re s s e s
one that has happened by accident. The the difficult issues of the global South
Droneport caused a stir in Venice as it is without sacrificing elegance for utility.
exactly what any exhibition of architecture Sitting on the docks, this is clearly a
tends to lack – an actual, full-scale building, beautiful thing – a structure which owes
as opposed to a mock-up, a model or a a little something to Gaudí, a little to
fragment from which to extrapolate. This Candela, to Cuba and to Catalonia. It
was the real thing. But Venice was just the is a thing which exists in a seemingly
shop window. The Droneport, designed very different world to the clean, white
by Norman Foster, is a serious attempt to l i n e s o f Fo s te r + Pa r t n e r s ’ a i r p o r t s
harness the architect’s passion for planes and management schools, one which
and for the epic architecture of infrastructure addresses a grittier reality yet one which
and transport. It is also, though, an attempt could arguably exert a far greater impact.
to harness the rapid improvements in Aravena’s purpose in the Biennale was
technology for the benefit of the poorest, a to use the exhibition to broaden not only
leapfrogging of development allowing aid the ambition of architecture but also its
and supplies to reach remote communities definition. And it is the idealism which
without the massive infrastructure needed makes this such a compelling project. This is Norman Foster’s sketches Dessins de Norman Foster présentant
editorial
editorial
for road, rail and conventional air transport. an idea which could make a real difference. for the Droneport concept. le concept du Droneport.
04 05
Éditorial
Le Droneport
à Venise… et ailleurs
Edwin Heathcote
Lors de la 15e Biennale d’architecture de qu’exigent la route, le rail et le transport
Venise, les briques rouges du Droneport sont aérien traditionnel. C’est la concrétisation du
venues s’insérer à la perfection sur les docks village planétaire de Marshall McLuhan.
de l’Arsenal. Autour de la petite structure, Par ailleurs, la structure s’est parfaitement
les murs de briques chancelants, les grues intégrée dans la Biennale d’Alejandro
rouillées et les bornes d’amarrage en fonte, Aravena. Si l’intention de ce dernier était de
les vieux poteaux de bois et les navires comprendre comment les architectes peuvent
oscillant doucement au gré des vagues mobiliser leurs savoir-faire pour accroître
composent le tableau d’une infrastructure leur impact sur le monde, réconciliant ainsi
du passé – une pièce de musée à l’ère du architecture et militantisme, le Droneport
cyberespace high-tech dématérialisé. Les constitue en ce sens une discrète victoire.
courbes élégantes de la voûte du Droneport Mêlant prémices d’un nouvel urbanisme,
ont projeté l’infrastructure portuaire high-tech et low-tech, construction accessible
d’autrefois dans un nouvel avenir, celui du et promesse d’un futur plus radieux, il
transport aérien, opérant une transition a parfaitement trouvé sa place dans le
entre la voie maritime et la voie des airs, clapotis des eaux de l’Arsenal. Comme de
entre le ciel et la mer. nombreux projets sélectionnés par Aravena,
C’est une vision puissante, et qui ne doit rien le Droneport tente de résoudre les difficultés
au hasard. Le Droneport a fait sensation à auxquelles sont confrontés les pays du Sud
Venise justement parce qu’il a donné à voir ce sans sacrifier l’élégance à l’utilité. Posé sur les
qui fait en général défaut dans une exposition docks, c’est incontestablement un bel objet
d’architecture : un bâtiment construit, à – une structure en partie redevable à Gaudí,
l’échelle réelle – par opposition à un fac- en partie à Candela, à Cuba et à la Catalogne.
similé, une maquette ou un fragment à partir Il appartient à un monde en apparence
desquels il faut extrapoler. Avec le Droneport, très différent des contours immaculés qui
on est dans le dur. Mais Venise n’aura été caractérisent les aéroports ou les écoles
qu’une vitrine. Signé Norman Foster, le de management de Foster + Partners ; une
Droneport allie la passion de l’architecte pour structure incarnant une réalité plus dure,
l’aviation à son goût de l’épopée architecturale mais dont on peut penser qu’elle aura aussi
des infrastructures et des transports. Il des répercussions bien plus significatives.
incarne aussi une volonté de s’appuyer sur L’objectif d’Alejandro Aravena pour cette
les progrès rapides de la technologie au édition de la Biennale était à la fois d’étendre
bénéfice des plus démunis, pour accélérer les ambitions de l’architecture, tout en
le développement d’un projet permettant élargissant sa définition. C’est justement cet
d’acheminer aide et matériel de première idéal qui rend si convaincant le projet du Norman Foster’s sketches presenting Dessins de Norman Foster présentant
the construction of a Droneport module, la construction d’un module du Droneport,
nécessité à des communautés reculées, Droneport. On tient là une idée qui pourrait the combination of multiple units l’assemblage de plusieurs unités
editorial
editorial
sans recourir aux infrastructures colossales véritablement faire la différence. and the Venice prototype. et le montage du prototype de Venise.
06 07
Éditorial
Le Droneport
à Venise… et ailleurs
Edwin Heathcote
Lors de la 15e Biennale d’architecture de qu’exigent la route, le rail et le transport
Venise, les briques rouges du Droneport sont aérien traditionnel. C’est la concrétisation du
venues s’insérer à la perfection sur les docks village planétaire de Marshall McLuhan.
de l’Arsenal. Autour de la petite structure, Par ailleurs, la structure s’est parfaitement
les murs de briques chancelants, les grues intégrée dans la Biennale d’Alejandro
rouillées et les bornes d’amarrage en fonte, Aravena. Si l’intention de ce dernier était de
les vieux poteaux de bois et les navires comprendre comment les architectes peuvent
oscillant doucement au gré des vagues mobiliser leurs savoir-faire pour accroître
composent le tableau d’une infrastructure leur impact sur le monde, réconciliant ainsi
du passé – une pièce de musée à l’ère du architecture et militantisme, le Droneport
cyberespace high-tech dématérialisé. Les constitue en ce sens une discrète victoire.
courbes élégantes de la voûte du Droneport Mêlant prémices d’un nouvel urbanisme,
ont projeté l’infrastructure portuaire high-tech et low-tech, construction accessible
d’autrefois dans un nouvel avenir, celui du et promesse d’un futur plus radieux, il
transport aérien, opérant une transition a parfaitement trouvé sa place dans le
entre la voie maritime et la voie des airs, clapotis des eaux de l’Arsenal. Comme de
entre le ciel et la mer. nombreux projets sélectionnés par Aravena,
C’est une vision puissante, et qui ne doit rien le Droneport tente de résoudre les difficultés
au hasard. Le Droneport a fait sensation à auxquelles sont confrontés les pays du Sud
Venise justement parce qu’il a donné à voir ce sans sacrifier l’élégance à l’utilité. Posé sur les
qui fait en général défaut dans une exposition docks, c’est incontestablement un bel objet
d’architecture : un bâtiment construit, à – une structure en partie redevable à Gaudí,
l’échelle réelle – par opposition à un fac- en partie à Candela, à Cuba et à la Catalogne.
similé, une maquette ou un fragment à partir Il appartient à un monde en apparence
desquels il faut extrapoler. Avec le Droneport, très différent des contours immaculés qui
on est dans le dur. Mais Venise n’aura été caractérisent les aéroports ou les écoles
qu’une vitrine. Signé Norman Foster, le de management de Foster + Partners ; une
Droneport allie la passion de l’architecte pour structure incarnant une réalité plus dure,
l’aviation à son goût de l’épopée architecturale mais dont on peut penser qu’elle aura aussi
des infrastructures et des transports. Il des répercussions bien plus significatives.
incarne aussi une volonté de s’appuyer sur L’objectif d’Alejandro Aravena pour cette
les progrès rapides de la technologie au édition de la Biennale était à la fois d’étendre
bénéfice des plus démunis, pour accélérer les ambitions de l’architecture, tout en
le développement d’un projet permettant élargissant sa définition. C’est justement cet
d’acheminer aide et matériel de première idéal qui rend si convaincant le projet du Norman Foster’s sketches presenting Dessins de Norman Foster présentant
the construction of a Droneport module, la construction d’un module du Droneport,
nécessité à des communautés reculées, Droneport. On tient là une idée qui pourrait the combination of multiple units l’assemblage de plusieurs unités
editorial
editorial
sans recourir aux infrastructures colossales véritablement faire la différence. and the Venice prototype. et le montage du prototype de Venise.
06 07TABLE OF CONTENTS The art of geometry
L’art de la géométrie
44-47
Meeting with / Rencontre avec
John Ochsendorf, ODB
“We’re working on a level of technology 48-51
that’s as light as possible”
The smallest airport in the world 10 - 17
« Nous travaillons sur une technicité
Le plus petit aéroport du monde
la plus légère possible »
1
Interview with / Entretien avec
Ivan Serclérat, LafargeHolcim
“The geometry was a challenge in itself” 52-55
« La géométrie était un défi en soi »
Interview with / Entretien avec
Carlos Martín Jiménez, Master mason
Case studies
Études de cas
INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH Diébédo Francis Kéré, 56-57
DÉMARCHE INTERDISCIPLINAIRE the art of local sourcing
Diébédo Francis Kéré, l’art du local
Christian Kerez’s experiments 58-59
A genuine collaboration 18–21 Les expérimentations de Christian Kerez
Une authentique collaboration Re-use according to Wang Shu 60-61
Le réemploi selon Wang Shu
More with less 22-27
3
Faire plus avec moins
Meeting with / Rencontre avec
Norman Foster, Foster + Partners
Simple structure, multiple players 28-29
Simple structure, intervenants multiples
Case studies
Études de cas
Atelier Bow-Wow’s relational approach 30-31
L’approche relationnelle d’Atelier Bow-Wow SOCIAL IMPACT & TRANSFERABILITY
IMPACT SOCIAL & TRANSMISSION
Rahul Mehrotra, informal culture 32-33
Rahul Mehrotra, une culture informelle
Milinda Pathiraja’s powerful method 34-35
La méthode forte de Milinda Pathiraja From a brick to a network 62-65
De la brique au réseau
2
The replicable Droneport 66-69
Un modèle reproductible
Construction sequence 70-75
Manuel de construction
Case studies
Études de cas
MOS Architect’s Babel Tower 76-77
INNOVATIONS & MATERIALS La Tour de Babel de MOS Architects
INNOVATIONS & MATÉRIAUX
Nlé, here and there 78-79
Nlé, ici et là
Alejandro Aravena’s “success stories” 80-83
Ancestral geometry for a visionary structure 36-39 Les « success stories » d’Alejandro Aravena
Géométrie ancestrale pour structure du futur
A robust construction 40-43
table of contents
table of contents
Une structure robuste
Meeting with / Rencontre avec Community infrastructure 84-87
Philippe Block, Block Research Group, ETH Zurich Une infrastructure pour la collectivité
08 09TABLE OF CONTENTS The art of geometry
L’art de la géométrie
44-47
Meeting with / Rencontre avec
John Ochsendorf, ODB
“We’re working on a level of technology 48-51
that’s as light as possible”
The smallest airport in the world 10 - 17
« Nous travaillons sur une technicité
Le plus petit aéroport du monde
la plus légère possible »
1
Interview with / Entretien avec
Ivan Serclérat, LafargeHolcim
“The geometry was a challenge in itself” 52-55
« La géométrie était un défi en soi »
Interview with / Entretien avec
Carlos Martín Jiménez, Master mason
Case studies
Études de cas
INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH Diébédo Francis Kéré, 56-57
DÉMARCHE INTERDISCIPLINAIRE the art of local sourcing
Diébédo Francis Kéré, l’art du local
Christian Kerez’s experiments 58-59
A genuine collaboration 18–21 Les expérimentations de Christian Kerez
Une authentique collaboration Re-use according to Wang Shu 60-61
Le réemploi selon Wang Shu
More with less 22-27
3
Faire plus avec moins
Meeting with / Rencontre avec
Norman Foster, Foster + Partners
Simple structure, multiple players 28-29
Simple structure, intervenants multiples
Case studies
Études de cas
Atelier Bow-Wow’s relational approach 30-31
L’approche relationnelle d’Atelier Bow-Wow SOCIAL IMPACT & TRANSFERABILITY
IMPACT SOCIAL & TRANSMISSION
Rahul Mehrotra, informal culture 32-33
Rahul Mehrotra, une culture informelle
Milinda Pathiraja’s powerful method 34-35
La méthode forte de Milinda Pathiraja From a brick to a network 62-65
De la brique au réseau
2
The replicable Droneport 66-69
Un modèle reproductible
Construction sequence 70-75
Manuel de construction
Case studies
Études de cas
MOS Architect’s Babel Tower 76-77
INNOVATIONS & MATERIALS La Tour de Babel de MOS Architects
INNOVATIONS & MATÉRIAUX
Nlé, here and there 78-79
Nlé, ici et là
Alejandro Aravena’s “success stories” 80-83
Ancestral geometry for a visionary structure 36-39 Les « success stories » d’Alejandro Aravena
Géométrie ancestrale pour structure du futur
A robust construction 40-43
table of contents
table of contents
Une structure robuste
Meeting with / Rencontre avec Community infrastructure 84-87
Philippe Block, Block Research Group, ETH Zurich Une infrastructure pour la collectivité
08 09The smallest airport
Perspective illustrant les différents usages 3D showing the various functions of
du Droneport. L’infrastructure vise en effet the Droneport. The infrasctructure
à abriter des usages civiques, comme ici une can be used for civic means,
in the world
clinique ou un bureau de poste. as a clinic or even a post office.
A modular building system capable of being constructed
by communities. This was the Droneport ’s first aim
when Norman Foster and Jonathan Ledgard decided
to work on Ledgard’s idea for a network of drone routes.
A project planned for very local conditions benefiting
from a real globalization of expertise and engineering.
Edwin Heathcote
The Droneport project was sparked by a chance
meeting between Jonathan Ledgard, a journalist
and writer as well as a teacher at EPFL in Lausanne,
and Norman Foster. “Like so many good stories”,
Foster says, “it started with an individual.” The two
Englishmen are neighbours in Switzerland and
began to talk about Ledgard’s ambitious plans for
a network of drone routes in Africa.
Ledgard outlined these plans in a paper entitled
“Better Use of the Lower Sky in a Sharing
Economy”. He wrote, “my goal is to help set up
the world’s first commercial cargo drone route in
Africa… It will be about 80 kilometers long and will
connect several towns and villages. The first cargo
drones will carry small payloads – probably units of
blood to keep alive children who would otherwise
perish. But they will quickly evolve into larger and
heavier craft until they can lift 20 kilos or more
over distances of several hundred kilometers.
The purpose of the first route will be to show the
value of cargo drones in Africa and beyond – and
to raise money to build other routes. To me, this
first route is a spectral version of the Liverpool and
overview
overview
Manchester railway.”
10 11The smallest airport
Perspective illustrant les différents usages 3D showing the various functions of
du Droneport. L’infrastructure vise en effet the Droneport. The infrasctructure
à abriter des usages civiques, comme ici une can be used for civic means,
in the world
clinique ou un bureau de poste. as a clinic or even a post office.
A modular building system capable of being constructed
by communities. This was the Droneport ’s first aim
when Norman Foster and Jonathan Ledgard decided
to work on Ledgard’s idea for a network of drone routes.
A project planned for very local conditions benefiting
from a real globalization of expertise and engineering.
Edwin Heathcote
The Droneport project was sparked by a chance
meeting between Jonathan Ledgard, a journalist
and writer as well as a teacher at EPFL in Lausanne,
and Norman Foster. “Like so many good stories”,
Foster says, “it started with an individual.” The two
Englishmen are neighbours in Switzerland and
began to talk about Ledgard’s ambitious plans for
a network of drone routes in Africa.
Ledgard outlined these plans in a paper entitled
“Better Use of the Lower Sky in a Sharing
Economy”. He wrote, “my goal is to help set up
the world’s first commercial cargo drone route in
Africa… It will be about 80 kilometers long and will
connect several towns and villages. The first cargo
drones will carry small payloads – probably units of
blood to keep alive children who would otherwise
perish. But they will quickly evolve into larger and
heavier craft until they can lift 20 kilos or more
over distances of several hundred kilometers.
The purpose of the first route will be to show the
value of cargo drones in Africa and beyond – and
to raise money to build other routes. To me, this
first route is a spectral version of the Liverpool and
overview
overview
Manchester railway.”
10 113D showing the structural concept Perspective illustrant le principe
of the Droneport, a vault, that structurel du Droneport composé
will ultimately be built with d’une voûte qui sera in fine
almost no centering. construite quasiment sans cintrage.
(BRG) under Philippe Block and Tom instruction tool for the villagers who will
Van Mele at the ETH in Zurich alongside build the structures’ successors in the future.
Block’s structural engineering practice, “If it can be built by students”, says Foster,
ODB. Block’s specialism was exactly the “you realize it can be recreated across
kind of brick vault structure used for the emerging economies and being a self-build.
Droneport design, a system for which they The minimum products are transported
(with) the maximum engagement of local
communities.”
The tile vault structure is inexpensive to
The Droneport became
realize, requiring relatively little formwork
a case of a project and, if well designed, needs to accommodate
planned for local only low stresses. The ability to build using
conditions benefiting local materials massively reduces its carbon
from a globalization of footprint and there are no needs to import
expertise and engineering. expensive or unsustainable materials
– concrete, plastics or steel. The Block
Research Group stresses that it “developed
a masonry shell that not only addresses the
had developed their own design software. structural and construction requirements for
Responsibility for construction, however, a safe building in Rwanda, but also supports
went back to Madrid and to MIT across the architectural concept defined by Lord
the Atlantic in Cambridge (although the Foster. The structure is designed in a such a
original Cambridge University in the UK also way that it is stressed uniformly by its own
maintained a role in the research). A team of weight and has sufficient double curvature
builders was assembled and led by master to be stable in compression under all other
mason Carlos Martín Jiménez in Madrid. loading conditions. In addition, because of
Industry was represented by LafargeHolcim the geometry of the openings, concatenated
(whose LafargeHolcim Foundation for modules create a continuous and smoothly
Sustainable Construction also sponsored undulating surface.” Or, in the more succinct
the entire construction of the structure) and words of Hannes Hofmann from BRG, “there
through their Research Centre (near Lyon) should always be a direct relationship
This notion of an ethereal railway proved which serves communities with smaller items cheaper, and more accurately than ever at all? Could they not, he asked, be housed whose contribution focused on the adaptation between the forces and the form.”
irresistible to Foster (who was born in – medical and emergency supplies which before. But it is not inevitable that these craft in simple shipping containers? “We quickly of an existing product – the DuraBric (a
Manchester) whose long engagement with would then be augmented with the planned or their landing sites will be engineered to realized”, he says, “that they needed a hub, product targeted as low-cost construction in
flight has become almost legendary. Ledgard subsequent Blueline intended to transport be tough and cheap enough to serve poorer a place where they can be built and where the developing world) and tailoring it to the
relates how he went to Foster and said larger payloads including spare parts of communities who can make most use of them.” the technology can be advanced and, as specific requirements of the Droneport. The Venice Biennale
“Norman, you’ve built the biggest airport in machinery, e-commerce and so on. “We had conversations in the office and with that technology advances, the building can “Making a tile at least as good as a brick!” was used as a workshop,
the world (Beijing International), now come Intriguingly there are parallels here with others”, Foster says, “and out of those came evolve and advance at the same time.” is how Edward Schwarz, who runs the a proof of concept,
and build the smallest.” another ambitious plan to have recently the idea of a modular building system that “The question”, says Foster, “is how to translate LafargeHolcim Foundation, describes it. a laboratory and a field
The project was tailored to the specific emerged from Foster + Partners’ office – the would be capable of being constructed by that early design concept into reality. My If there might be a concern it is that, of all manual.
conditions of the African continent. Only one studies conducted in association with the communities.” Narinder Sagoo, of Foster + Foundation was able to harness the energy, these extensive collaborations, there were no
third of Africans live within two kilometers of European Space Agency for a permanent Moon Partners, suggested that the first question was the enthusiasm, the idealism of university African institutions involved. It might seem
an all-season road and Africa has no trans- base to be built using 3-D printed components whether the drones needed any buildings students and their professors.” that if this project is to be truly embedded
continental railways or motorways, few and lunar soil. The idea of a remote base built The Droneport became a curious case of a in the consciousness of a continent, the It’s a neat analogy for the project as a whole.
tunnels and not enough bridges to ensure the as far as possible using local materials (where project planned for very local conditions institutions and professionals of African The economic forces which drive the world
easy movement of goods and supplies. Yet transport of materials is an issue) seems to benefiting from a real globalization of countries ought to be (and surely will become) economy, communication, information,
Africa’s population is expected to double to have informed much of the thinking around the Only one third of expertise and engineering. Foster may more intimately involved with the project. pharmaceuticals and e-commerce – but also
2.2 billion by 2050. To catch up and build this Droneport. Africans live within be based in Switzerland with his office in Ultimately the Venice Biennale itself was community, education, trade and, of course,
infrastructure would be almost impossible. Ledgard himself writes: “It is inevitable on two kilometers of London but his Foundation is in Madrid. used as a workshop, a proof of concept, food, are the same forces which are shaping
The Redline, the first of the planned drone a crowded planet, with limited resources, Ledgard’s Redline project is based at EPFL a laboratory and a field manual. The the idea behind this unusual project. And its
an all-season road.
networks, is seen as the beginning of one that we will make more intensive use of our and structural design and analysis were construction of the full-scale vault was filmed shape is elegant, intriguing and one which
overview
overview
possible solution. This would be the route sky using flying robots to move goods faster, given over to the Block Research Group and that film of the process will become an suggests a fascinating future.
12 133D showing the structural concept Perspective illustrant le principe
of the Droneport, a vault, that structurel du Droneport composé
will ultimately be built with d’une voûte qui sera in fine
almost no centering. construite quasiment sans cintrage.
(BRG) under Philippe Block and Tom instruction tool for the villagers who will
Van Mele at the ETH in Zurich alongside build the structures’ successors in the future.
Block’s structural engineering practice, “If it can be built by students”, says Foster,
ODB. Block’s specialism was exactly the “you realize it can be recreated across
kind of brick vault structure used for the emerging economies and being a self-build.
Droneport design, a system for which they The minimum products are transported
(with) the maximum engagement of local
communities.”
The tile vault structure is inexpensive to
The Droneport became
realize, requiring relatively little formwork
a case of a project and, if well designed, needs to accommodate
planned for local only low stresses. The ability to build using
conditions benefiting local materials massively reduces its carbon
from a globalization of footprint and there are no needs to import
expertise and engineering. expensive or unsustainable materials
– concrete, plastics or steel. The Block
Research Group stresses that it “developed
a masonry shell that not only addresses the
had developed their own design software. structural and construction requirements for
Responsibility for construction, however, a safe building in Rwanda, but also supports
went back to Madrid and to MIT across the architectural concept defined by Lord
the Atlantic in Cambridge (although the Foster. The structure is designed in a such a
original Cambridge University in the UK also way that it is stressed uniformly by its own
maintained a role in the research). A team of weight and has sufficient double curvature
builders was assembled and led by master to be stable in compression under all other
mason Carlos Martín Jiménez in Madrid. loading conditions. In addition, because of
Industry was represented by LafargeHolcim the geometry of the openings, concatenated
(whose LafargeHolcim Foundation for modules create a continuous and smoothly
Sustainable Construction also sponsored undulating surface.” Or, in the more succinct
the entire construction of the structure) and words of Hannes Hofmann from BRG, “there
through their Research Centre (near Lyon) should always be a direct relationship
This notion of an ethereal railway proved which serves communities with smaller items cheaper, and more accurately than ever at all? Could they not, he asked, be housed whose contribution focused on the adaptation between the forces and the form.”
irresistible to Foster (who was born in – medical and emergency supplies which before. But it is not inevitable that these craft in simple shipping containers? “We quickly of an existing product – the DuraBric (a
Manchester) whose long engagement with would then be augmented with the planned or their landing sites will be engineered to realized”, he says, “that they needed a hub, product targeted as low-cost construction in
flight has become almost legendary. Ledgard subsequent Blueline intended to transport be tough and cheap enough to serve poorer a place where they can be built and where the developing world) and tailoring it to the
relates how he went to Foster and said larger payloads including spare parts of communities who can make most use of them.” the technology can be advanced and, as specific requirements of the Droneport. The Venice Biennale
“Norman, you’ve built the biggest airport in machinery, e-commerce and so on. “We had conversations in the office and with that technology advances, the building can “Making a tile at least as good as a brick!” was used as a workshop,
the world (Beijing International), now come Intriguingly there are parallels here with others”, Foster says, “and out of those came evolve and advance at the same time.” is how Edward Schwarz, who runs the a proof of concept,
and build the smallest.” another ambitious plan to have recently the idea of a modular building system that “The question”, says Foster, “is how to translate LafargeHolcim Foundation, describes it. a laboratory and a field
The project was tailored to the specific emerged from Foster + Partners’ office – the would be capable of being constructed by that early design concept into reality. My If there might be a concern it is that, of all manual.
conditions of the African continent. Only one studies conducted in association with the communities.” Narinder Sagoo, of Foster + Foundation was able to harness the energy, these extensive collaborations, there were no
third of Africans live within two kilometers of European Space Agency for a permanent Moon Partners, suggested that the first question was the enthusiasm, the idealism of university African institutions involved. It might seem
an all-season road and Africa has no trans- base to be built using 3-D printed components whether the drones needed any buildings students and their professors.” that if this project is to be truly embedded
continental railways or motorways, few and lunar soil. The idea of a remote base built The Droneport became a curious case of a in the consciousness of a continent, the It’s a neat analogy for the project as a whole.
tunnels and not enough bridges to ensure the as far as possible using local materials (where project planned for very local conditions institutions and professionals of African The economic forces which drive the world
easy movement of goods and supplies. Yet transport of materials is an issue) seems to benefiting from a real globalization of countries ought to be (and surely will become) economy, communication, information,
Africa’s population is expected to double to have informed much of the thinking around the Only one third of expertise and engineering. Foster may more intimately involved with the project. pharmaceuticals and e-commerce – but also
2.2 billion by 2050. To catch up and build this Droneport. Africans live within be based in Switzerland with his office in Ultimately the Venice Biennale itself was community, education, trade and, of course,
infrastructure would be almost impossible. Ledgard himself writes: “It is inevitable on two kilometers of London but his Foundation is in Madrid. used as a workshop, a proof of concept, food, are the same forces which are shaping
The Redline, the first of the planned drone a crowded planet, with limited resources, Ledgard’s Redline project is based at EPFL a laboratory and a field manual. The the idea behind this unusual project. And its
an all-season road.
networks, is seen as the beginning of one that we will make more intensive use of our and structural design and analysis were construction of the full-scale vault was filmed shape is elegant, intriguing and one which
overview
overview
possible solution. This would be the route sky using flying robots to move goods faster, given over to the Block Research Group and that film of the process will become an suggests a fascinating future.
12 13Le plus petit
aéroport du monde
Un système de construction modulaire susceptible d’être
bâti par ses usagers. Tel était l’objectif premier du Droneport
lorsque Norman Foster et Jonathan Ledgard ont décidé
de travailler ensemble sur le concept imaginé par ce dernier
pour un réseau de drones en Afrique. Un projet pensé pour
un contexte très spécifique, mais mené par des spécialistes
répartis dans le monde entier.
Edwin Heathcote
À l’origine du projet du Droneport, il y a la gros et plus robustes, jusqu’à pouvoir transporter un acheminement efficace des marchandises
rencontre fortuite entre Norman Foster et des charges de 20 kilos ou davantage, sur quelques et des équipements. Pour autant, sa population
Jonathan Ledgard, journaliste, écrivain, centaines de kilomètres. Le but de cette première devrait doubler et atteindre 2,2 milliards d’ici
mais aussi enseignant à l’EPFL de Lausanne. ligne sera de démontrer l’intérêt des drones–cargos à 2050. Il serait illusoire de vouloir procéder
« Comme beaucoup de belles histoires, raconte en Afrique et au–delà, et de lever des fonds pour à un rattrapage des infrastructures requises.
Foster, celle–ci commence par la volonté l’installation de lignes supplémentaires. Pour moi, La Redline – le premier réseau potentiel de
d’un individu. » Les deux Anglais, qui sont cette première ligne est un équivalent aérien de la drones – apparaît comme un début de solution.
voisins en Suisse, ont commencé par ligne ferroviaire entre Liverpool et Manchester. »
discuter de l’ambition de Ledgard pour le Lui–même natif de Manchester, Foster s’est
développement d’un réseau de drones en montré particulièrement réceptif à cette
Afrique. notion de « chemin de fer aérien », lui dont la Un tiers seulement des
Ledgard a esquissé cette ambition dans un passion pour les airs est légendaire. Ledgard Africains vivent à moins de
article intitulé « Pour un meilleur usage de la raconte comment il est allé trouver Foster : deux kilomètres d’une route
basse altitude dans une économie collaborative ». Il « Norman, tu as construit le plus grand aéroport praticable toute l’année.
écrit : « Mon objectif est de contribuer à la mise en au monde (à Pékin). Maintenant, viens construire
place en Afrique de la première ligne commerciale le plus petit. »
de drones–cargos au monde… D’une longueur Le projet est spécifiquement adapté aux enjeux
totale d’environ 80 kilomètres, elle permettra du continent africain. Un tiers seulement des Elle permettrait d’acheminer localement des
de relier plusieurs villes et villages. Les premiers Africains vivent à moins de deux kilomètres cargaisons de petite taille – matériel médical et
drones–porteurs achemineront de petites charges d’une route praticable toute l’année, et l’Afrique approvisionnement d’urgence – avant la mise
– vraisemblablement des poches de sang destinées est dépourvue d’un réseau autoroutier ou d’un en place de la Blueline, qui serait adaptée à
3Ds of the Droneport’s brick vault Perspectives des voûtes en briques formant
modules, inspired by traditional le concept de Droneport, empruntées
à des enfants dont la vie est en danger. Mais les chemin de fer « transcontinental ». Elle n’a que peu des charges plus lourdes (pièces détachées de
overview
overview
Catalan vaults. au modèle des voûtes dites « catalanes ». engins vont rapidement évoluer pour devenir plus de tunnels et pas assez de ponts pour permettre rechange, articles de e–commerce, etc.).
14 15Le plus petit
aéroport du monde
Un système de construction modulaire susceptible d’être
bâti par ses usagers. Tel était l’objectif premier du Droneport
lorsque Norman Foster et Jonathan Ledgard ont décidé
de travailler ensemble sur le concept imaginé par ce dernier
pour un réseau de drones en Afrique. Un projet pensé pour
un contexte très spécifique, mais mené par des spécialistes
répartis dans le monde entier.
Edwin Heathcote
À l’origine du projet du Droneport, il y a la gros et plus robustes, jusqu’à pouvoir transporter un acheminement efficace des marchandises
rencontre fortuite entre Norman Foster et des charges de 20 kilos ou davantage, sur quelques et des équipements. Pour autant, sa population
Jonathan Ledgard, journaliste, écrivain, centaines de kilomètres. Le but de cette première devrait doubler et atteindre 2,2 milliards d’ici
mais aussi enseignant à l’EPFL de Lausanne. ligne sera de démontrer l’intérêt des drones–cargos à 2050. Il serait illusoire de vouloir procéder
« Comme beaucoup de belles histoires, raconte en Afrique et au–delà, et de lever des fonds pour à un rattrapage des infrastructures requises.
Foster, celle–ci commence par la volonté l’installation de lignes supplémentaires. Pour moi, La Redline – le premier réseau potentiel de
d’un individu. » Les deux Anglais, qui sont cette première ligne est un équivalent aérien de la drones – apparaît comme un début de solution.
voisins en Suisse, ont commencé par ligne ferroviaire entre Liverpool et Manchester. »
discuter de l’ambition de Ledgard pour le Lui–même natif de Manchester, Foster s’est
développement d’un réseau de drones en montré particulièrement réceptif à cette
Afrique. notion de « chemin de fer aérien », lui dont la Un tiers seulement des
Ledgard a esquissé cette ambition dans un passion pour les airs est légendaire. Ledgard Africains vivent à moins de
article intitulé « Pour un meilleur usage de la raconte comment il est allé trouver Foster : deux kilomètres d’une route
basse altitude dans une économie collaborative ». Il « Norman, tu as construit le plus grand aéroport praticable toute l’année.
écrit : « Mon objectif est de contribuer à la mise en au monde (à Pékin). Maintenant, viens construire
place en Afrique de la première ligne commerciale le plus petit. »
de drones–cargos au monde… D’une longueur Le projet est spécifiquement adapté aux enjeux
totale d’environ 80 kilomètres, elle permettra du continent africain. Un tiers seulement des Elle permettrait d’acheminer localement des
de relier plusieurs villes et villages. Les premiers Africains vivent à moins de deux kilomètres cargaisons de petite taille – matériel médical et
drones–porteurs achemineront de petites charges d’une route praticable toute l’année, et l’Afrique approvisionnement d’urgence – avant la mise
– vraisemblablement des poches de sang destinées est dépourvue d’un réseau autoroutier ou d’un en place de la Blueline, qui serait adaptée à
3Ds of the Droneport’s brick vault Perspectives des voûtes en briques formant
modules, inspired by traditional le concept de Droneport, empruntées
à des enfants dont la vie est en danger. Mais les chemin de fer « transcontinental ». Elle n’a que peu des charges plus lourdes (pièces détachées de
overview
overview
Catalan vaults. au modèle des voûtes dites « catalanes ». engins vont rapidement évoluer pour devenir plus de tunnels et pas assez de ponts pour permettre rechange, articles de e–commerce, etc.).
14 15Vous pouvez aussi lire
