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CTEA Today
                                                                                                                                           Fall 2011

                                                           The official publication of the Canadian Transportation Equipment Association

                                                                                              Hydraulic
Canada Post Mail Publications Agreement Number: 40609661

                                                                                               Hybrids:
                                                                         How Do They Work?
CTEA Today - Canadian Transportation Equipment ...
CTEA Today - Canadian Transportation Equipment ...
CTEA Today - Canadian Transportation Equipment ...
CTEA Today - Canadian Transportation Equipment ...
CTEA Today - Canadian Transportation Equipment ...
CTEA Today - Canadian Transportation Equipment ...
CTEA TODAY
                                                                   Fall 2011
                                                                                              contents
Published For:
The Canadian Transportation Equipment
Association
16 Barrie Boulevard, Unit 3B
St. Thomas, Ontario N5P 4B9
Tel: (519) 631-0414
Fax: (519) 631-1333
transportation@ctea.on.ca
www.ctea.ca

CTEA Staff:
Donald (Don) E. Moore, P. Eng.
Executive Director
don.moore@atminc.on.ca
G. Allan Tucker
Director, Membership Recruitment and
Retention
allan.tucker@atminc.on.ca
Lynn Eden
Director of Administration and Member
Services
leden@atminc.on.ca
Eddy Tschirhart, C.E.T.
Director of Technical Programs                                                                                                        ON THE COVER:
eddyt@atminc.on.ca                                                                                             This issue’s cover shows a hydraulic system
                                                                                                                    for a heavy-duty truck. The image was
Jeremy Harrower                                                                                               created and provided by Eaton Corporation.
Manager, Technical Programs
jharrower@atminc.on.ca
Stan Delaney
Communications Administrator
sdelaney@atminc.on.ca                   ON THE COVER:
CTEA Board:
                                        18 H ydraulic Hybrid Power | L'énergie hybride hydraulique
John Michel                                 Improve diesel efficiency in traditionally highly inefficient duty cycles and recover
President                                   traditionally wasted energy. | Comment améliorer l’efficacité du moteur diesel dans des cycles de service
                                            généralement inefficaces et récupérer l’énergie habituellement perdue.
Jeff Simms, P.Eng.
Vice President
Butch Medemblik, P. Eng.                FEATURES:
Past President
Brian Scales                            29 Ontario’s Evolution to SPIF Vehicles
Director
David Tremblay                          34 F or the Record
Director
Gary Greer, P.Eng.                      36 Successfully Planning for Succession
Director
Kevin Last
Director
Steve McManus
                                        SPECIAL SECTION:
Director
                                        40 CTEA’s 48 Manufacturer’s Conference - Preliminary Program
                                                              th

                                                                                                                                          Fall 2011 7
CTEA Today - Canadian Transportation Equipment ...
CTEA Today - Canadian Transportation Equipment ...
Published by:
Matrix Group Publishing Inc.                 MESSAGES:
                                                                 Fall 2011
                                                                                contents
Publication mail agreement
number: 40609661
Return undeliverable Canadian
                                             11 A Message from the
addresses to:                                    CTEA President, John
52 Donald Street, Suite 300                      Michel | Message du
Winnipeg, MB R3C 1L6                             Président l’AETC
Toll Free Phone: (866) 999-1299
Toll Free Fax: (866) 244-2544                    John Michel
sales@matrixgroupinc.net
www.matrixgroupinc.net
President & CEO
                                             15 A Message from the
Jack Andress
                                                 CTEA Executive
                                                 Director, Don Moore
Senior Publisher
Maurice P. LaBorde                               | Message du Directeur
mlaborde@matrixgroupinc.net                      exécutif l’AETC Don
Editor-in-Chief                                  Moore
Shannon Savory
ssavory@matrixgroupinc.net
Editor
Alexandra Walld
awalld@matrixgroupinc.net
Finance/Accounting &
Administration
Shoshana Weinberg, Pat Andress,
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Director of marketing &
circulation
Shoshana Weinberg
general manager
Jessica Potter                                                            DEPARTMENTS:
jpotter@matrixgroupinc.net
Sales Manager – WINNIPEG                                                  44 R egulatory Report | Rapport sur la
Neil Gottfred                                                                 réglementation
SALES MANAGER – HAMILTON
Brian Davey                                                               51 Member Profile
TEAM LEADER                                                                     Thru-Way Trailers
Brian Davey
MATRIX GROUP publishing INC.                                              54 Tools of the Trade
ACCOUNT EXECUTIVES
Aaron Hoeflaak, Albert Brydges, Benjamin
Schutt, Brian MacIntyre, Chantal Duchaine,                                55 News and Views
Cole Williams, Colleen Bell, Declan
O’Donovan, Jeff Boyle, Jeff Cash, Jim
Hamilton, John McDougall, Ken Percival,
Miles Meagher, Peter Schulz, Reuben Abib,                                 ABOUT CTEA:
Rick Kuzie, Rob Choi, Theresa Teixeira,
Thomas Campbell, Trish Bird                                               60 C TEA Membership Application
Layout & Design
Cody Chomiak
Advertising Design
                                                                          61 Buyer’s Guide
James Robinson
©2011 Matrix Group Publishing Inc.
All rights reserved. Contents may not
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permission of the publisher.
                                                                                                           Fall 2011 9
CTEA Today - Canadian Transportation Equipment ...
president’s message • le message du président

Completing the                                                                      Comment finir
Puzzle                                                                              le casse-tête
I have never enjoyed puzzles. I mean the                                           Je n’ai jamais aimé les casse-tête. Je veux
kind where you open the box and dump all the                                       dire ceux dont on ouvre la boîte et on jette
pieces on the table, have one eye on the box                                       toutes les pièces sur la table, en ayant un œil
cover with “the picture,” and the other eye scan-                                  sur le couvercle de la boîte avec « l’image » et
ning the pieces, hoping to find one that fits into                                 l’autre qui parcourt les pièces, en espérant
another one. Slowly, very slowly, you create “the                                   en trouver une qui s’emboîte dans une autre.
big picture.” Anyone who goes through the pro-                John Michel           Lentement, très lentement, on finit par créer
cess and completes the job has a feeling of pride          President, CTEA          « l’image complète ». Quiconque est passé par
and accomplishment when the one thousand                                            là et a terminé la tâche a une sensation de
pieces are all together. The SPIF Phase 4 is sort                                   fierté et de réussite quand les milles pièces
of like that. On July 1, 2011, all of the puzzle pieces from SPIF    sont toutes ensemble. La Phase 4 du SPIF ressemble un
became a reality for final stage truck and trailer manufacturers.    peu à cela. Le 1er juillet 2011, toutes les pièces du casse-tête
So what do the pieces look like? Well, let’s just list a few.        du SPIF sont devenues des réalités pour les fabricants de
                                                                     camions et de remorques à l’étape finale. Alors à quoi ces
After working through these steps                                    pièces ressemblent-elles? En voici quelques-unes :

and dumping the final load, one                                       Après avoir passé toutes ces
                                                                      étapes et être parvenu à la fin, on a
has a sense that all of the pieces of
                                                                      l’impression que toutes les pièces du
the puzzle came together.                                             casse-tête sont enfin réunies; l’image
1. Truck Dimensions – Wheel base, axle spreads, frame
   heights, deflection under load, centre of gravity calculation;     est complète.
2. Steerable Lift – Jounce, rebound, ground clearance, degree         1. dimensions des camions – empattement, écartement
   of turn, capacity, frame clearance, equalization, tire size           d’essieux, hauteur de châssis, déflexion en charge,
   (duals or singles), type of controls;                                 calcul du centre de gravité;
3. Air Tank Reserve – Capacity for lift suspension, ride bags,        2. essieu auto-vireur – course verticale d’essieu, rebond,
   options (gate and tarp);                                              garde au sol, degré de virage, capacité, garde du châssis,
4. Valves – Auto reverse lift, auto lift unladen, auto deploy-           égalisation, dimension des pneus (simples ou tandem),
   ment when laden, no brake valve, quick lift application,              types de commandes;
   suspension equalization;                                           3. réserve du réservoir d’air – capacité de la suspension
5. Brakes – Brake hold, brake timing;                                    de levage, ballons d’air, options (hayon et bâche);
6. Testing – Loading the unit, scaling each axle, reloading to        4. soupapes – levage automatique de recul, levage automa-
   maximum, scaling front axle, scaling lift axle, scaling drive         tique sans charge, déploiement automatique en charge,
   axles, adjusting air pressures to equalize, rescaling all of the      soupape sans frein, application de relevage rapide, égali-
   above, dumping the load reload to centre of gravity, retest-          sation de la suspension;
   ing, documenting lift and air pressures; and                       5. freins – tenue des freins, synchronisation des freins;
7. Job File – All documents and files as required to satisfy          6. essais – chargement du camion, calcul de chaque essieu,
   SPIF 4 requirements.                                                  rechargement au maximum, calcul de l’essieu avant,
   After working through these steps and dumping the final               calcul de l’essieu relevable, calcul des essieux moteur,
load, one has a sense that all of the pieces of the puzzle came          réglage des pressions pneumatiques pour l’égalisation,
together. The picture is complete. Trucks can be like driving            nouveau calcul de tout ce qui précède, décharge du char-
a car; automatic transmission, automatic lift axle deployment,           gement et rechargement au centre de gravité, nouveaux
power steering, auto reverse lift, automatic equalization on             essais, documentation des pressions de levage et d’air;
axle groups, auto tarp, adjustable seat in every direction, tilt      7. dossier des sources – tous les documents requis pour
steer, power everything in the cab, leather, air conditioning,           satisfaire les exigences de la Phase 4 du SPIF.
                                            Continued on page 13                                                   Suite à la page 13

                                                                                                                       Fall 2011 11
12 Canadian Transportation Equipment Association
president’s message • le message du président

Continued from page 11                           Suite de la page 11

Somehow, industry always
                                                 L’industrie semble toujours être capable
seems to be able to develop
ideas and systems to satisfy                     d’élaborer des idées et des systèmes
Ministry of Transportation
                                                 pour se conformer aux règlements
regulations. Some truck OEMs
are still working on a solution                  du ministère des Transports. Certains
to achieve a SPIf- ready vehicle                 fabricants de camions d’origine cherchent
off the line.
stereo and the list goes on. So I walk           encore une solution pour parvenir à des
way from the truck for the final time,
take a few pictures and then it can go to
work. Many people and organizations
                                                 camions conformes au SPI à la sortie de
had an influence on the final product.
The Ministry of Transportation has
                                                 la chaîne de montage.
spent many years of planning to reach
this final stage of the SPIF program. Ron           Après avoir passé toutes ces étapes       avancent », mais avec le temps, de
Madill has been a strong influence in            et être parvenu à la fin, on a l’impres-     nouvelles idées et de nouvelles
reaching this part of the program. He            sion que toutes les pièces du casse-         options se présenteront. Les fournis-
retired just prior to the last pieces of the     tête sont enfin réunies; l’image est         seurs de robinetterie et d’électronique
puzzle being fit into place.                     complète. Conduire un camion peut            ont trouvé quelques solutions uni-
    Axle suppliers and suspension manu-          être comme conduire une voiture :            ques et innovatrices pour satisfaire
factures have made changes to suit the           transmission automatique, déploie-           les exigences existantes. L’industrie
new configuration as well. There are             ment automatique de l’essieu releva-         semble toujours être capable d’élabo-
some areas of “work in progress,” but            ble, direction assistée, levage auto-        rer des idées et des systèmes pour se
as time passes, there will be new ideas          matique de recul, égalisation auto-          conformer aux règlements du minis-
and options to choose from. The valv-            matique sur les groupes d’essieux,           tère des Transports. Certains fabri-
ing and electronics suppliers have come          bâche automatique, siège réglable            cants de camions d’origine cherchent
up with some unique and innovative               dans tous les sens, volant inclinable,       encore une solution pour parvenir à
solutions to meet the requirements at            tout à commande électrique dans la           des camions conformes au SPIF à la
hand. Somehow, industry always seems             cabine, sièges en cuir, climatisation,       sortie de la chaîne de montage.
to be able to develop ideas and systems          stéréo, et la liste n’en finit plus. Alors       L’AETC est là pour aider ses mem-
to satisfy Ministry of Transportation            je m’éloigne du camion pour la der-          bres dans le processus. Notre person-
regulations. Some truck OEMs are still           nière fois, je prends quelques photos,       nel peut vous guider pour assembler
working on a solution to achieve a SPIF-         puis il peut se mettre au travail. Bien      les pièces du casse-tête, du début à la
ready vehicle off the line.                      des gens et des organisations ont eu         fin. Les membres du personnel ont
    The CTEA is there to help its mem-           une influence sur le produit final.          collaboré avec le SPIF à partir du pre-
bers through the process. Our staff can          Le ministère des Transports a passé          mier jour et ont une bonne compré-
guide you to the right puzzle pieces, from       de nombreuses années de planifica-           hension de toutes les parties et de
start to finish. The staff members have          tion pour atteindre cette étape finale       toutes les pièces. Si vous avez des
been involved with SPIF from day one             du programme SPIF. M. Ron Madill             questions ou des problèmes, appelez
and have a good understanding of all the         a joué un rôle majeur pour réaliser          simplement le bureau et ils se feront
parts and pieces. If you have any ques-          cette partie du programme. Il a pris         un plaisir de vous guider dans la
tions or problems, just give the office a        sa retraite juste avant que les derniè-      bonne direction.
call and they will be glad to steer you in       res pièces du casse-tête se mettent en           Vous ouvrez peut-être maintenant
the right direction.                             place.                                       votre nouvelle boîte du casse-tête de
    You may just be opening your new                Les fournisseurs d’essieux et les         la Phase 4 du SPIF; environ 500 piè-
box of the SPIF Phase 4 puzzle. About 500        fabricants de suspension ont fait des        ces ou à peu près, pas si mal. En fait
pieces or so; not too bad. And by the way,       changements pour s’adapter aussi             toutes les pièces finissent par s’ajus-
all the parts do fit together and it is pretty   aux nouvelles configurations. Il y a         ter et tout est beau quand on arrive à
neat how it all works in the end. l              quelques secteurs où « les travaux           la fin. l

                                                                                                                       Fall 2011 13
executive director’s message • message du directeur général

Moncton 2011                                                            Moncton 2011
The CTEA’s 48th Annual Manufacturers                                               Le 48 e Congrès annuel des fabricants
Conference will be held at the Delta Beausejour                                    de l’AETC aura lieu au Delta Beauséjour à
in Moncton, New Brunswick on October 24-26,                                        Moncton, Nouvau-Brunswick, du 24 au 26
2011. As usual, there will be an action-packed                                     octobre 2011. Comme d’habitude, il y aura deux
couple of days, particularly since it is another                                   journées bourdonnantes d’activités, surtout que
year in which we’ve partnered with a local com-                                    c’est une autre année au cours de laquelle nous
munity college, New Brunswick Community                                            nous associons à un collège communautaire
College, for a “hands-on” workshop day.                                            local, le Collège communautaire du Nouveau-
    I am not going to go through the entire pro-                                   Brunswick, pour une journée d’atelier « prati-
gram but I think there are a few highlights that                                   que ».
are worth noting.
                                                             Don Moore                 Je ne vais pas passer tout le programme en
    On Monday, we’ll have a chance to talk with         Executive Director, revue, mais je crois qu’il est utile de citer cer-
a number of government officials as usual, both                 CTEA               tains points saillants.
federal and provincial. One change we are mak-                                         Lundi, nous aurons l’occasion de parler à
ing this year by popular demand from exhibitors and attendees      plusieurs fonctionnaires fédéraux et provinciaux. Cette année,
alike, is to have the table top trade fair on Monday evening as    nous allons faire un changement en répondant à une demande
part of the reception and closing down after Tuesday evening’s     populaire venant des exposants et des participants : nous
reception.                                                         allons organiser une foire commerciale sur table le lundi soir,
    On Tuesday, the real fun starts with a line-up of workshops    dans le cadre de la réception et de la fermeture, après la récep-
at the college that should interest everyone. Included are ses-    tion de la soirée du mardi.
sions on:                                                              Mardi, les réjouissances commencent avec une série d’ate-
• Fabrication Techniques;                                          liers dans le collège et qui devraient intéresser tout le monde.
• Wheel End Assembly Installation;                                 En voici les sessions :
• Frame Modifications;                                             • techniques de fabrication;
• Corrosion Resistance;                                            • installation d’ensembles extrémités de roues;
• Tire Inflation Equipment;                                        • modifications de châssis;
• Hitches;                                                         • résistance à la corrosion;
• Lift Axle Control Systems; and                                   • équipement de gonflage de pneus;
• Chassis OEM Updates.                                             • attelages;
    On Wednesday, it’s back to the hotel and here’s where we       • système de contrôle d’essieux relevables;
have a bit of a mix that willl appeal to everyone, including a     • mises à jour des fabricants de châssis d’origine.
few things that spouses might find fun. I am particularly excited      Mercredi, retour à l’hôtel où nous aurons un peu de tout
about a session we’re putting together that features a panel of    pour intéresser tout le monde, dont quelques choses que les
experts discussing the the new stopping distance requirements      conjointes pourraient trouver amusantes. Je suis particulière-
that will be coming to Canada and how tractor/trailer brake sys-   ment impatient d’assister à une session que nous organisons
tem balance will play an important role in the stability of combi- et dans laquelle une tribune d’experts discutera des nouvelles
nation vehicles, particularly those with four to six axle trailers exigences en matière de distances d’arrêt qui seront imposées
and our new LCVs.                                                  au Canada et comment l’équilibrage du système de frein-
    On the technical side of things, we will have a seminar on     age des camions-tracteurs et des remorques joueront un rôle
automatic transmissions and the effect that the shift (… pardon    important dans la stabilité des véhicules combinés, surtout
the pun) to these transmissions will have on mobile hydraulic      ceux avec remorques à quatre à six essieux et nos nouveaux
systems. There will also be a drop-in session for those that want  LCV.
to talk to staff about Job-File, Level of Excellence and SPIF. The     Sur le plan technique, nous aurons un séminaire sur les
Canadian Welding Bureau (CWB) will also update us on some          transmissions automatiques et sur les effets que l’embrayage
new programs they are developing.                                  (… pardon pour le calembour) aura sur les systèmes hydrau-
    On the business side, we’ve got a couple of things for         liques mobiles. Il y aura également une session dans laquelle
the business “owner-operator.” Aside from updates on our           sont bienvenu(e)s ceux et celles qui veulent parler au
                                          Continued on page 16                                                    Suite à la page 16

                                                                                                                      Fall 2011 15
executive director’s message • message du directeur général

         Continued from page 15                                                                 Suite de la page 15
         insurance programs, which are gaining       interest to garner everyone’s attention.
         real traction, we have a company com-       At noon on Wednesday we have Meg           Sur le plan technique,
         ing in to discuss a key issue for many      Soper, speaker/commedienne, who will
         of us, including myself: “Succession        try to motivate us with a little humour,   nous aurons un séminaire
         Planning.” To me, this is an important      and in the evening, David Ben will
         topic that doesn’t get attention until it   entertain us. How, you ask? Well, he’s     sur les transmissions
         is sometimes almost too late.               a magician with a law degree. Need I
             Yes, I did mention that there might     say more?                                  automatiques et sur les
         be something that spouses and delegates        So, here we go again. Another great
         might be interested in and I think our      conference with something for every-
                                                                                                effets que l’embrayage
         luncheon and banquet speakers bring
         enough of a light note and general
                                                     one.
                                                        See you in Moncton! l
                                                                                                (… pardon pour le
                                                                                                calembour) aura sur les
                                                                                                systèmes hydrauliques
                                                                                                mobiles.
                                                                                                personnel sur les dossiers d’emploi,
                                                                                                le niveau d’excellence et le SPIF. Le
                                                                                                Bureau canadien de soudage (BCS)
                                                                                                nous tiendra également au courant de
                                                                                                certains nouveaux programmes qu’il
                                                                                                met actuellement au point.
                                                                                                   Sur le plan commercial, nous avons
                                                                                                plusieurs choses pour les « propriétaires-
                                                                                                exploitants » dans le domaine. À part
                                                                                                les mises à niveau de nos programmes
                                                                                                d’assurances, qui ont vraiment de la
                                                                                                traction, nous aurons une entreprise
                                                                                                qui viendra discuter d’une question
                                                                                                essentielle pour nombre d’entre nous,
                                                                                                dont moi-même : la « planification de la
                                                                                                succession ». À mon avis, c’est un sujet
                                                                                                important auquel on ne fait pas assez
                                                                                                attention jusqu’à ce qu’il soit quelque-
                                                                                                fois trop tard.
                                                                                                   Oui, j’ai bien dit qu’il y aurait
                                                                                                quelque chose qui pourrait intéresser
                                                                                                les conjoints et les délégués, et je crois
                                                                                                que les conférenciers de notre déje-
                                                                                                uner et de notre banquet sauront allé-
                                                                                                ger l’ambiance et captiver l’attention
                                                                                                de tout le monde. À midi, le mercredi,
                                                                                                nous aurons Meg Soper, conférencière
                                                                                                et comédienne, qui essaiera de nous
                                                                                                dérider avec un peu d’humour, et dans
                                                                                                la soirée, David Ben viendra nous dis-
                                                                                                traire. Comment, dites-vous? Eh bien,
                                                                                                c’est un magicien avec un diplôme en
                                                                                                droit. Dois-je en dire plus?
                                                                                                   Donc, nous allons nous retrouver
                                                                                                encore; un autre super congrès avec
                                                                                                quelque chose pour tout le monde.
                                                                                                   À bientôt à Moncton! l

         16 Canadian Transportation Equipment Association
on the cover • sur la couverture

Hydraulic Hybrid Power
Improve diesel efficiency in traditionally highly inefficient
duty cycles and recover traditionally wasted energy.

L’énergie hybride hydraulique
Comment améliorer l’efficacité du moteur diesel dans des
cycles de service généralement inefficaces et récupérer
l’énergie habituellement perdue.

18 Canadian Transportation Equipment Association
on the cover • sur la couverture

By Jim Park                                                         Par Jim Park
When you thinK of hybrid power systems, the first                   Lorsqu’on parle de systèmes hybrides d’énergie, on
thing that likely comes to mind is plug-in cars or light-duty       pense habituellement d’abord à des voitures ou à des camions
trucks with electric motors and internal combustion engines.        légers à moteur électrique et moteur à combustion interne.
Electric hybrids are fine in light-duty applications but they are   Les moteurs hybrides électriques sont bons pour des véhicules
not well-suited to powering heavy vehicles. The greatest bar-       légers, mais ne conviennent pas bien aux véhicules lourds. Le
rier is the energy storage requirements. The batteries would        plus grand obstacle est la nécessité de stocker de l’énergie. Les
be so large, heavy and expensive that they’d be completely          batteries seraient si grosses, si lourdes et si onéreuses qu’elles
impractical.                                                        ne seraient absolument pas pratiques.
    Hydraulic hybrid systems, on the other hand, can be quite          Par contre, les systèmes hybrides hydrauliques peuvent être
effective at improving a heavy vehicle’s overall efficiency by      assez efficaces pour améliorer l’efficacité globale des véhicules
supplementing or replacing the traditional diesel powertrain        lourds, en accompagnant ou en remplaçant le groupe motopro-
during its least efficient phases of operation, i.e. when run-      pulseur diesel dans ses phases d’utilisation les moins efficaces,
ning through low- to high-rev duty cycles as in situations          c’est-à-dire pendant des cycles de bas et de haut régime, par
requiring frequent starts and stops.                                exemple dans des situations qui exigent des démarrages et des
    Refuse collection and public transit are ideal applications     arrêts fréquents.
for hydraulic hybrid power because those vehicles can cycle            Le ramassage des ordures ménagères et le transport en
through a thousand or more hard stops and aggressive starts         commun sont des applications idéales de l’énergie hybride
in a workday. A “boost” from a hydraulic hybrid power sup-          hydraulique, car ces véhicules peuvent passer des milliers de
ply can reduce engine load considerably, thereby reducing fuel      fois d’un démarrage brutal à un freinage serré en une jour-
consumption.                                                        née de travail. Un « appoint » d’une source d’énergie hybride
    Today, we find three promising hydraulic hybrid technolo-       hydraulique peut réduire considérablement le fardeau du
gies for heavy commercial vehicles in development, each with        moteur et abaisser la consommation de carburant.
slightly different performance attributes and varying degrees          Aujourd’hui, nous disposons de trois technologies hybrides
of complexity, cost and fuel saving potential.                      hydrauliques prometteuses en cours de mise au point pour les
                                                                    gros véhicules commerciaux, chacune avec des caractéristi-
Parallel hydraulic hybrid                                           ques d’efficacité légèrement différentes et divers niveaux de
    These are the least complex systems and work with vehi-         complexité, de coût et d’économie de carburant.
cles having a conventional drivetrain, i.e. engine, transmis-
sion, driveshaft and drive axle. The hydraulic power element        Systèmes hybrides hydrauliques parallèles
is coupled to the drivetrain through a clutched hydraulic               Ce sont les systèmes les moins complexes et qui se trou-
pump/motor device positioned between the engine and the             vent dans les véhicules qui ont un groupe motopropulseur
transmission. In its power output phase, the hydraulic system       traditionnel, c’est-à-dire moteur, transmission, arbre d’entraî-
functions as a motor, assisting or replacing the diesel engine      nement et essieu moteur. L’élément d’énergie hydraulique est
in launching the vehicle from a stop.                               accouplé à l’arbre d’entraînement par un dispositif de pompe/
    In its power generation phase, the hydraulic system func-       moteur hydraulique à embrayage placé entre le moteur et la
tions as a pump to push hydraulic oil into a pressurized            transmission. Dans sa phase de production d’énergie, le sys-
reservoir called an accumulator. The accumulator is pressur-        tème hydraulique fonctionne comme un moteur, aidant ou
ized to 5,000 psi. The vehicle’s driveshaft drives the pump,        remplaçant le moteur diesel en faisant démarrer un véhicule
powered by the momentum of the vehicle. This action creates         à l’arrêt.
substantial stopping force, by the way, which helps to reduce           Dans sa phase de production d’énergie, le système hydrau-
brake wear. This action is known as regenerative braking, as        lique fonctionne comme une pompe pour refouler l’huile
it recovers energy normally converted to heat at the vehicle’s      hydraulique dans un réservoir sous pression, appelé un accu-
brakes and uses it to launch the vehicle.                           mulateur, qui est pressurisé à 5 000 lb/po2. L’arbre d’entraî-
    Think of it in terms of a spring. Energy is required to         nement du véhicule entraîne la pompe, alimentée par l’élan
compress a spring, the compressed spring stores the energy          du véhicule. Ce mouvement crée d’ailleurs une force d’arrêt
used to compress it and releasing the spring puts that stored       importante, qui aide à réduire l’usure des freins. Cela s’appelle
energy to use. Regenerative hydraulic power systems work like       un freinage régénératif, car il récupère l’énergie qui est nor-
springs but rather than using virgin energy to “compress the        malement convertie en chaleur aux freins du véhicule et sert à
spring,” these systems rely on the weight and momentum of           faire avancer le véhicule.
the heavy vehicle to pump hydraulic oil into the accumulator.           Il faut considérer ce système comme un ressort. Il faut
On the launch cycle, the pressure in the accumulator forces the     de l’énergie pour comprimer un ressort; le ressort comprimé
hydraulic oil back through the system in the opposite direction,    stocke l’énergie utilisée pour le comprimer, et le relâchement
turning the pumps into drive motors which power the wheels.         du ressort met cette énergie stockée en usage. Les systèmes
                                           Continued on page 21                                                    Suite à la page 22

                                                                                                                       Fall 2011 19
20 Canadian Transportation Equipment Association
on the cover • sur la couverture

Continued from page 19
   According to Robert Golin, the
business development manager for
                                           Refuse collection and public
hybrid business at Eaton, the system,
called Hydraulic Launch Assist, or
                                           transit are ideal applications
HLA, can produce 180 horsepower
for six to eight seconds with no help      for hydraulic hybrid power
                                           because those vehicles can
from the diesel engine.
   “In what we call economy mode,
the hydraulic system powers the truck
on start-up, using just the energy col-
lected during the braking cycle. In        cycle through a thousand
                                           or more hard stops and
productivity mode, the hydraulic sys-
tem and the diesel engine’s 350 horse-
power combine to launch the vehicle
even faster,” Golin says. “There are
two ways to look at these savings. In      aggressive starts in a workday.
economy mode, the truck saves fuel.
In productivity mode, the truck gets a        Eaton currently has eight HLA-           called hydrostatic drives. The diesel
free energy boost, helping it to collect   equipped trucks deployed in Calgary,        engine, run at a steady rpm, drives a
more trash in the same time because        Hamilton and Toronto.                       hydraulic pump that drives the vehicle.
it can move faster from one stop to                                                    The engine operates efficiently, while
the next.”                                 Series hydraulic hybrid                     the hydraulic system modulates power
   The energy recovery efficiency in          Series hydraulic hybrid systems          demand. The engine is not mechani-
such systems is said to be in the 70- to   are uncommon in trucking but can be         cally coupled to the wheels and so can-
80-percent range but additional value      found in other applications where the       not drive the vehicle directly.
is derived by relieving the vehicle        diesel’s duty-cycle efficiency could be        These systems are efficient at low
brakes of much of their role in stop-      improved, such as yard lifts, construc-     operating speeds but very inefficient
ping the truck.                            tion equipment, etc. These systems are                          Continued on page 22

 Electric versus Hydraulic Hybrid Systems
                                                                       Electric hybrid systems (above) are best suited to
                                                                   replacing or supplementing engine power. They can store
                                                                   a great deal of energy in batteries but charge times are
                                                                   long and output is slow but continuous. Batteries cannot
                                                                   absorb braking energy quickly enough to be effective as
                                                                   a regenerative system but previously stored energy can
                                                                   power the vehicle at low speeds before the engine engages
                                                                   or for limited duration on full battery power. The prin-
                                                                   ciple characteristic of an electric/battery system is high
                                                                   energy density and low power density. They take a while
                                                                   to charge but the output cycle is equally long.
                                                                       Regenerative hydraulic hybrid power systems (below)
                                                                   have operating profiles best suited to heavy vehicles
                                                                   in start-and-stop applications. Energy from braking is
                                                                   accumulated and stored quickly and can be called upon
                                                                   as needed but there are limits to the amount of energy
                                                                   the system can accumulate. Hydraulic systems are best
                                                                   suited to stop-and-go applications where energy accu-
                                                                   mulated during deceleration can be reused immediately
                                                                   to launch the vehicle. The principle characteristic is
                                                                   high power density and low energy density. They have
   Graphic provided by Bosch Rexroth.                              almost instant charge and discharge times.

                                                                                                                  Fall 2011 21
on the cover • sur la couverture

Continued from page 21                            Morgan Hamori, marketing               Suite de la page 19
at typical road speeds, therefore their       research analyst at Parker Hannifin’s      d’énergie hydraulique régénérative ne
application potential is rather limited.      Hybrid Drive Systems Division says         fonctionnent pas comme des ressorts,
                                              the system is optimized for vehicles       mais plutôt comme l’utilisation d’une
Advanced Series hydraulic hybrid              weighing between 16,000 and 70,000         énergie vierge pour « comprimer le res-
    There’s another hydraulic system on       lb gross vehicle weight.                   sort »; ces systèmes dépendent du poids
the market manufactured by Parker called          “The operating cycle between           et du mouvement du véhicule lourd
RunWise. Parker calls it an Advanced          drive and braking repeats itself a few     pour pomper de l’huile hydraulique
Series hybrid because it uses a combina-      thousand times a day in refuse use,”       dans l’accumulateur. Dans le cycle de
tion of the hydraulic regenerative braking    she says. “The higher the number of        lancement, la pression dans l’accumula-
concept described above and a two-speed       start and stop cycles, the more effi-      teur force l’huile hydraulique à revenir
hydrostatic drive system. RunWise also        cient the system operates and the          dans le système dans le sens inverse, ce
uses direct-coupled diesel power to drive     more fuel and brake wear is improved       qui amène les pompes à entraîner les
the vehicle at highway speeds. Parker         for the end user.”                         moteurs qui font tourner les roues.
couples these three drive modes with a            While electric hybrids have their          Selon M. Robert Golin, directeur de
control strategy that achieves optimum        place in light duty applications,          l’expansion des affaires du secteur des
efficiency in any mode.                       hydraulic hybrids are bringing new         systèmes hybrides chez Eaton, le sys-
    Parker’s proprietary Power Drive          efficiency to traditionally highly inef-   tème appelé Hydraulic Lauch Assist, ou
Unit (PDU) features a two-speed hydro-        ficient heavy-duty applications. Today,    HLA (Aide au lancement hydraulique),
static drive powered by a diesel engine       they are used only on refuse trucks.       peut produire 180 chevaux pendant six
running at a more or less steady state.       Engineers are looking at transit buses     à huit secondes, sans aide du moteur
The system can run in hydrostatic             now, too, because they share a simi-       diesel.
mode in “low range” from zero to 25           lar duty cycle. More possible applica-         « Dans ce que nous appelons le mode
mph and in “high range” from 26 to 42         tions may emerge as the technology         économique, le système hydraulique
mph. Above 42 mph, the system reverts         improves but there are still challenges,   alimente le camion au démarrage, en
to the traditional direct-coupled, diesel-    like where to put all that additional      utilisant juste l’énergie récupérée pen-
powered mechanical driveline.                 hardware. In the spring 2012 issue of      dant le cycle de freinage. En mode pro-
    RunWise also makes use of regen-          CTEA Today, we will look at some of        ductivité, le système hydraulique et
erative braking to assist the series’ drive   the installation issues facing engineers   les 350 chevaux du moteur diesel se
system. But rather than driving the           and chassis makers. l                      conjuguent pour faire avancer le véhi-
wheels directly as the parallel system                                                   cule encore plus vite, » a déclaré Golin.
does, the charge generated by the brak-          Jim Park is a freelance technical       « On peut considérer ces économies de
ing event is stored in accumulators at        writer specializing in trucking. He        deux manières : en mode économique,
up to 5,500 psi and fed into the series’      is a regular contributor to Today’s        le camion économise du carburant; en
drive system to power the hydrostatic         Trucking and Heavy Duty Trucking.          mode productivité, le camion bénéficie
drive at launch, lessening demand on          He can be reached via e-mail at            d’une aide énergétique gratuite, ce qui
the hydrostatic drive system.                 j.park@sympatico.ca.                       l’aide à recueillir davantage de puis-
                                                                                         sance perdue en même temps, car il
                                                                                         peut accélérer plus vite d’un arrêt à un
 Hydraulic Hybrid Links                                                                  autre. »
    To learn more about hydraulic hybrids and how they can improve your opera-               L’efficacité énergétique de ces sys-
 tions, visit the following websites.                                                    tèmes est estimée à environ 70 à 80
                                                                                         pour cent, mais davantage provient de
 Bosch Rexroth Mobile Hydraulics                                                         la décharge des freins du véhicule d’une
    www.boschrexroth.com/country_units/america/united_states/sub_websites/               grande partie de leur rôle pour arrêter
 brus_brh_m/en/markets_applications_jg/index.jsp                                         le camion.
                                                                                             Eaton dispose actuellement de
 Eaton Corp. Hydraulic Launch Assist (HLA)                                               camions équipés d’une HLA qui roulent
   www.eaton.com/Eaton/ProductsServices/ProductsbyCategory/Hydraulics/                   à Calgary, Hamilton et Toronto.
 HydraulicLaunchAssist/index.htm
                                                                                         Systèmes hybrides hydrauliques en
 Parker Hybrid Technologies                                                              série
   www.parker.com/portal/site/Market-Tech/menuitem.e9f921bc8ae21676de92                     Les systèmes hybrides hydrauli-
 b210237ad1ca/?vgnextoid=e22cf84ab14ba210VgnVCM10000048021dacRCRD                        ques en série sont peu fréquents dans
 &vgnextfmt=default                                                                      les camions, mais on peut les trouver
                                                                                                               Suite à la page 24

22 Canadian Transportation Equipment Association
Fall 2011 23
on the cover • sur la couverture

                                                       Les systèmes hybrides électriques (ci-dessus) conviennent
 Comparaison des systèmes hybrides électriques     le mieux pour remplacer l’énergie du moteur ou s’y ajouter.
 et des systèmes hybrides hydrauliques             Ils peuvent stocker beaucoup d’énergie dans les batteries, mais
                                                   les temps de charge sont longs et la sortie est lente mais conti-
                                                   nue. Les batteries ne peuvent absorber l’énergie du freinage
                                                   assez rapidement pour être efficaces comme un système régé-
                                                   nératif, mais l’énergie stockée auparavant peut alimenter le
                                                   véhicule à basses vitesses avant que le moteur ne soit embrayé
                                                   ou pour une durée limitée à pleine puissance de la batterie. La
                                                   principale caractéristique d’un système électrique/batteries
                                                   est une densité d’énergie élevée et une densité de puissance
                                                   faible. Il faut du temps pour charger mais le cycle de sortie est
                                                   également long.
                                                       Les systèmes hybrides hydrauliques régénératifs (ci-des-
                                                   sous) ont des profils d’utilisation qui conviennent le mieux à
                                                   des démarrages et à des arrêts répétés. L’énergie du freinage
                                                   est accumulée et stockée rapidement et peut être utilisée au
                                                   besoin, mais ils sont limités quant à l’énergie que le système
                                                   peut accumuler. Les systèmes hydrauliques conviennent le
                                                   mieux dans des applications d’arrêt et de redémarrage dans
                                                   lesquelles l’énergie accumulée pendant la décélération peut
                                                   être réutilisée immédiatement pour relancer le véhicule. La
                                                   principale caractéristique est une densité de puissance élevée
                                                   et une densité d’énergie faible. Ces systèmes ont des temps de
 Graphisme fourni par Bosch Rexroth                charge et de décharge presqu’instantanés.

24 Canadian Transportation Equipment Association
on the cover • sur la couverture

Suite de la page 22
dans d’autres applications, dans les-        Le ramassage des ordures
quelles l’efficacité du cycle de service
du moteur diesel peut être améliorée,
comme dans les grues de chantier,
                                             ménagères et le transport en
l’équipement de construction, etc. Ces
systèmes sont appelés entraînements
                                             commun sont des applications idéales
hydrostatiques. Le moteur diesel, tour-
nant à un régime constant, entraîne          de l’énergie hybride hydraulique, car
une pompe qui entraîne le véhicule. Le
moteur fonctionne efficacement, tandis
que le système hydraulique module la
                                             ces véhicules peuvent
demande d’énergie. Le moteur n’est pas       son système hybride de série avancée       par un moteur diesel qui tourne à un
accouplé mécaniquement aux roues et          parce qu’il utilise une combinaison du     régime plus ou moins constant. Le sys-
ne peut donc pas entraîner directement       concept de freinage régénératif hydrau-    tème peut fonctionner en mode hydros-
le véhicule.                                 lique décrit ci-dessus et un système       tatique à « gamme basse » de zéro à 25
    Ces systèmes sont efficaces à basses     d’entraînement hydrostatique à deux        milles/heure, et en « gamme haute »
vitesses d’exploitation, mais très ineffi-   vitesses. Le système RunWise utilise       entre 26 et 42 milles/heure. Au-delà de
caces à des vitesses sur route types; leur   également l’énergie du moteur diesel       42 milles/heure, le système revient à
potentiel d’utilisation est donc plutôt      pour propulser le véhicule à des vites-    l’entraînement mécanique par moteur
limité.                                      ses sur route. Parker combine ces trois    diesel à accouplement direct tradition-
                                             modes d’entraînement à une stratégie       nel.
Systèmes hybrides hydrauliques de            de contrôle qui assure une efficacité          Le système RunWise utilise égale-
série avancée                                optimale dans n’importe quel mode.         ment le système régénératif pour aider
   Il existe un autre système hydrauli-         Le Power Drive Unit (PDU) de            le système d’entraînement en série,
que sur le marché, fabriqué par Parker       Parker comprend un entraînement            mais au lieu d’entraîner les roues
et appelé RunWise. Parker l’appelle          hydrostatique à deux vitesses alimenté                            Suite à la page 26

                                                                                                                   Fall 2011 25
on the cover • sur la couverture

Suite de la page 25
directement, comme le système en            quelques milliers de fois par jour en          service semblable. Davantage d’applica-
parallèle le fait, l’énergie produite par   usage de collecte d’ordures ménagères, »       tions éventuelles pourraient voir le jour
le freinage est stockée dans des accumu-    a-t-il déclaré. « Plus le cycle de démarra-    avec l’amélioration de la technologie, mais
lateurs jusqu’à 5 500 lb/po2 et est four-   ges et d’arrêts est élevé, plus le système     il y existe encore des difficultés, comme
nie au système d’entraînement en série      fonctionne efficacement et plus l’écono-       où mettre tout cet équipement supplé-
pour alimenter l’entraînement hydros-       mie de carburant et d’usure des freins         mentaire. Dans le numéro du printemps
tatique au démarrage, réduisant ainsi la    est amélioré pour l’utilisateur. »             2012 de CTEA Today, nous verrons quel-
demande sur le système d’entraînement           Si les systèmes hybrides électriques       ques problèmes d’installation que devront
hydrostatique.                              ont leur utilité dans les applications légè-   résoudre les ingénieurs et les fabricants de
    Morgan Hamori, analyste de recher-      res, les systèmes hybrides hydrauliques        châssis. l
che de marketing à la division des          offrent une nouvelle efficacité aux appli-
Systèmes d’entraînement Hannifin de         cations lourdes, traditionnellement très           Jim Park est un rédacteur technique
Parker, déclare que le système est opti-    inefficaces. Aujourd’hui, ils sont utilisés    pigiste qui se spécialise dans le camion-
malisé pour des véhicules dont le poids     uniquement dans les camions de collecte        nage. Il écrit régulièrement pour Today’s
brut est entre 16 000 et 70 000 livres.     des ordures ménagères. Les ingénieurs          Trucking et Heavy Duty Trucking. On
    « Le cycle d’exploitation entre l’en-   s’intéressent maintenant aussi aux auto-       peut communiquer avec lui par courriel à
traînement et le freinage se répète         bus urbains, parce qu’ils ont un cycle de      j.park@sympatico.ca.

 Liens vers des systèmes hybrides hydrauliques
     Pour en savoir davantage sur les systèmes hybrides hydrauliques et comment             Did you know?
 ils peuvent améliorer votre exploitation, visitez les sites internet suivants.
                                                                                            The Canadian
 Bosch Rexroth Mobile Hydraulics                                                            Transportation
    www.boschrexroth.com/country_units/america/united_states/sub_websites/
 brus_brh_m/en/markets_applications_jg/index.jsp                                            Equipment Association
 Eaton Corp. Hydraulic Launch Assist (HLA)                                                  was created as the
   www.eaton.com/Eaton/ProductsServices/ProductsbyCategory/Hydraulics/
 HydraulicLaunchAssist/index.htm
                                                                                            Canadian Truck Body
                                                                                            Equipment Association
 Parker Hybrid Technologies
   www.parker.com/portal/site/Market-Tech/menuitem.e9f921bc8ae21676de9                      (CTBEA) in 1964 in
 2b210237ad1ca/?vgnextoid=e22cf84ab14ba210VgnVCM10000048021dacRCR
 D&vgnextfmt=default
                                                                                            London, Ontario.

26 Canadian Transportation Equipment Association
feature

Ontario’s Evolution
to SPIF Vehicles
By Ron Madill and Eddy Tschirhart

What was wrong with the ‘old’
system?
    In place since the 1970s, Ontario’s pre-
vious system of truck weight and dimen-
sion limits served the province well.
Based on the Ontario Bridge Formula,
the system provided flexibility to build
and operate a huge array of heavy trucks
and trailers uniquely designed to meet the
demands of Ontario’s rapidly growing and
diverse economic needs.
    At the same time, helped by its
natural geography and abundance of
resources, Ontario invested in a strong
highway infrastructure built to the
same Ontario Bridge Formula stan-
dards. Roads and bridges were expected
to support trucks routinely operating up
to 140,000 pounds at the axle weights
set out in the formula.
    Within standard length, width and
height restrictions, the bridge formula
allowed vehicles to have any types of
axles and axle configurations based on
the concept of greater weight for axle
groups with greater spread. Any vehicle
configuration could be plugged into the
formula to determine allowances.
    Cracks began to appear in the system
when the original bridge formula was
replaced with tables—first using imper-
ial measures, then metric. Apparently,
there was no stomach to create any
industry push-back and the conversion
to tables included a number of weight
increases which exceeded the original
formula. In addition, the system became
more cumbersome over time as a num-
ber of modifications and exemptions
were introduced to address various
industry needs.
    There were also unintended and
unforeseen outcomes of this system. As

                                               Fall 2011 29
feature

Ontario followed the North American         Weight and dimension reform                     although it allowed no more than four
trend toward longer vehicles, more          project                                         axles on a trailer. In fact, Quebec allow-
room was provided for additional wide-          All of this changed in the mid-             ances were higher for many standard
ly spaced axles. Of course, such multi-     1990s when the Ontario Ministry of              tandem and tridem spreads. While four-
axle vehicles had trouble turning, which    Transportation (MTO) began a project to         axle semi-trailers could operate in both
led to the extensive use of lift-axles.     find a way to keep productive multi-axle        provinces at relatively similar weights,
   Use of lift-axles was problematic.       vehicles while addressing the infrastruc-       standards were different in each prov-
When raised for turning, all of the         ture concerns, improving harmonization          ince, resulting in the ludicrous situation
weight the lift-axle previously supported   with other jurisdictions and simplify-          where Quebec quads could not operate
is transferred to other axles causing       ing the system. Although it didn’t play a       in Ontario at full weights and Ontario
them to overload. Even when operating       large role in the original focus, safety also   quads could not operate in Quebec at full
in the lowered position, the operator       became a major objective once it became         weights.
controlled the weight on the lift-axle      apparent that multi-axle vehicle design             While tandem and tridem axle semi-
and it was seldom adjusted to carry its     and the resulting dynamic performance           trailers and B-trains were an important
proper share of the load. Both of these     have a large impact on rates of collisions.     aspect of harmonization, the focal point
factors, along with the higher table            The project relied heavily on two           of the Quebec-Ontario agreement was the
weights, were having a very large impact    major technological innovations to accom-       self-steer quad semi-trailer. This trailer has
on premature infrastructure wear.           modate multi-axle vehicles. First, self-        a self-steer axle ahead of a tridem group
   Although the initial focus was on        steering axles would be required in place       and a suspension that automatically dis-
the province’s more than 13,000 aging       of rigid lift-axles. Second, the suspensions    tributes the trailer load over all four axles.
bridges, there was also better under-       of the carefully prescribed SPIF vehicles       Two relatively straightforward versions
standing and growing concern around         would be required to automatically dis-         of the trailer were developed with allow-
the impact of vehicle and axle group        tribute weight between axles without any        able trailer axle weights of 32,000 kg and
weights on roads and pavements. It          driver intervention. MTO felt the neces-        34,000 kg—equivalent to 8,000 kg and
was apparent that, unless government        sary technology was sufficiently advanced       8,500 kg per axle. Importantly, the agree-
was willing to spend hundreds of mil-       to be mandated in regulation and the laws       ment also introduced 53’ self-steer quad
lions of dollars annually to strengthen     were carefully worded so they didn’t get        trailers, resulting in a very productive
and replace infrastructure, the existing    in the way of further innovation, of which      multi-axle semi-trailer that could operate
system of weight allowances was sim-        there has been plenty.                          within and between the two provinces.
ply not sustainable. In fact, a recent          To properly understand the technical,           The self-steer quad trailer quickly
Provincial Auditor’s Report indicated       operational and economic issues related to      became one of the primary workhorses in
legally operated multi-axle vehicles        the hundreds of thousands of heavy com-         many Quebec and Ontario fleets. When
were shortening the life-span of roads      mercial vehicles on Ontario highways,           operating empty or lightly loaded, the
and bridges to the tune of $300 million     MTO split the project into four phases          self-steering axle could be raised to con-
annually.                                   with each addressing a distinct group of        vert the trailer into a tridem. The trailer
   At the same time, Ontario’s allow-       vehicles. Each of these phases involved         design is compatible with New York State
ances for weight and dimensions had         three or four years of research, consulta-      permit requirements and has since been
evolved into an incredibly complex          tion and lawmaking. To ease the transi-         adopted by New Brunswick and Nova
system and increasingly out of sync         tion, existing vehicles were grandfathered      Scotia, albeit at slightly lower weights.
with the rest of the country. This cre-     for a substantial period of time, causing       The self-steer quad is also compatible with
ated huge difficulties for compliance,      the full implementation of each phase to        the state of Michigan, where an additional
enforcement and for industry to design      be a very long, drawn-out process.              ‘Michigan use only’ lift-axle is often added
vehicles for interprovincial travel.                                                        to optimize weight allowances.
   Driven largely by concerned bridge       The process                                         The self-steer quad has truly become
and pavement engineers, as well as a            Based on past failures of the various       one of the most versatile multi-axle semi-
desire for more national uniformity,        initiatives to fix the system, most stake-      trailers in north-eastern North America.
there were a number of attempts in the      holders were extremely sceptical that the       Not only is the vehicle highly productive,
1980s and early 1990s to rein in the        weight and dimension reform project             it has excellent dynamic performance,
multi-axle vehicles including to simply     would be any more successful. This scep-        is infrastructure-friendly, has relatively
disallow lift-axles in Ontario. Although    ticism quickly faded when MTO linked            straightforward standards and has wide
some of these attempts came close to        the first phase of reforms to a high pro-       regional acceptance.
fruition, industry pressure to maintain     file Ontario-Quebec harmonization agree-
trucking productivity prevailed and a       ment.                                           The evolution to SPIF
solution to the concerns proved very            At the time, Quebec allowed similar           The Quebec-Ontario Harmonization
elusive.                                    configurations and weights as Ontario           Agreement and implementation of the

30 Canadian Transportation Equipment Association
feature

first phase of Ontario weight and dimen-        and the Ontario Trucking Association             rigid lift-axles and others requiring signifi-
sion reforms came into effect in 2001.          and involved extensive research and test-        cant change, the migration to self-steer
This began an approximate 25-year evo-          ing. These trailers are not recognized any-      axle-equipped SPIF vehicles is well under-
lution to Ontario trucks and buses now          where else in Canada, although they work         way.
deemed to be “Safe, Productive and Infra-       well in Michigan and parts of New York.              The full evolution will take until the
structure-Friendly”—SPIF. There are cur-            Phase four took effect in 2011, tar-         mid-2020s, by which time all grandfather
rently 31 approved SPIF configurations in       geting straight trucks, truck-trailer com-       protection will have expired. But even at
regulation.                                     binations, buses and a couple of specialty       that time, there will be non-SPIF vehicles
    Phase one addressed non-dump semi-          combinations. Any of these vehicles built        in operation. Ontario has adopted a two-
trailers with one, two or three axles. It       from July 2011 onward must be built to           tier system that requires vehicles to be
provided axle weight increases for tandem       SPIF standards or face immediate weight          SPIF if operating at the high end of the
and tridem axles to match Quebec and            reductions.                                      weight and dimension spectrum, while
introduced a self-steer triaxle semi-trailer,       This final phase included a number           lower-tier, non-SPIF vehicles may con-
which remains unique to Ontario. Any            of difficult technical issues, includ-           tinue to operate in the lower ranges. The
tractor-trailers that did not meet (what are    ing adoption of load-sharing self-steer          smaller and lighter non-SPIF vehicles gen-
now called) SPIF standards faced gradual        axles on some four-axle trucks and               erally avoid the infrastructure and safety
gross weight reductions. The self-steer         some trailers. Although industry is              concerns.
quad was also introduced into regulation        still coming to terms with many of                   The move to SPIF vehicles appears to
on a voluntary basis and quickly embraced       the requirements, it is fully expected,          be meeting all stated objectives. Trucking
by industry.                                    as in previous phases, that innovative           productivity remains amongst the high-
    Phase two became law in 2003 and            solutions will be found for every chal-          est in North America, harmonization has
addressed all end-dump and open-top hop-        lenge that presents itself.                      improved, the impact on infrastructure is
per dump semi-trailers. Any such trail-             Phases two, three and four also includ-      easing and heavy vehicles are becoming
ers built from 2003 onward had to be            ed extensive grandfather protection for          safer. Although extensive grandfathering
SPIF-compliant (single, tandem or tridem        pre-existing vehicles. Non-compliant             has temporarily resulted in some complex
axle, or self-steer triaxle or quad) or face    vehicles built prior to the stated effect-       rules, once the grandfather protection has
immediate weight penalties. Five and six-       ive dates may operate at previous weight         passed, the regime will be much more
axle SPIF configurations were later added       allowances until the end of 2010, 2015           straightforward.
to the mix.                                     and 2020 respectively. Grandfathering                Further details about SPIF vehicles and
    Phase three was introduced in 2006          can also be extended beyond these dates          Ontario’s weight and dimension rules can
and addressed all remaining semi-trailers       by purchasing a special permit providing         be found on the MTO website, www.mto.
(non-dumps with four or more axles) and         the vehicle is still less than 15 years of age   gov.on.ca. l
all double trailer combinations. Similar        (20 years in some cases).
to Phase two, all such trailers built from                                                          Ron Madill is the former coordinator of
2006 onward had to be SPIF or face              Outcome                                          vehicle weights and dimensions for MTO
immediate weight reductions.                       Ontario’s move to SPIF vehicles is pri-       and oversaw all phases of the SPIF program.
    This phase also saw the introduction        marily targeted at multi-axle vehicles. The      He now works as a private consultant and
of SPIF five- and six-axle semi-trailers        vast majority of existing vehicles such as       can be contacted at ronmadill@rogers.com.
equipped with two self-steering axles. The      standard five-axle tractor-trailers, two- and       Eddy Tschirhart is Director of Technical
development of these unique trailers was a      three-axle trucks and most buses already         Programs for CTEA and can be contacted at
collaborative effort between MTO, CTEA          met SPIF requirements. For vehicles with         eddyt@atminc.on.ca.

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