La lettre de l'ATIBT SPÉCIAL PLANTATIONS EN ZONES TROPICALES - YSG Bioscape Sdn.Bhd.
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La lettre de l’ATIBT
SPÉCIAL PLANTATIONS EN ZONES TROPICALES
Situation actuelle des plantations
d’eucalyptus au Brésil
Recent development
of plantation forest in China
Forest Plantation in Indonesia
Plantation Forestry
in South Africa
Coniferous plantations
in Queensland
En partenariat avec
Atibt
1 Vie de l’ATIBT
Sommaire
Edito...................................... 3
Plantations dans le monde........ 4
Clonal planting......................... 6
Brésil..................................... 8
Argentina............................... 10
China..................................... 12
Indonesia................................ 14
South Africa............................ 16
Queensland............................. 18
Vietnam................................. 22
Malaysia................................. 24
Biotechnologies....................... 26
Australia................................ 28
Tropical and Subtropical............ 30
Stake of Intensively................... 32
Ghana.................................... 34
Avenir.................................... 36
Coordonnées auteurs............... 38
Décembre 2009
2
Edito
Les forêts plantées couvrent environ 271 millions d’hectares (FAO, 2006), soit
seulement 7 % des superficies boisées mondiales. Mais, contrairement aux forêts
naturelles, elles continuent à s’étendre et leur contribution à la production mondiale
de bois dépasse dès à présent 65 %.
On peut distinguer plusieurs phases dans la mise en place des forêts plantées
industrielles. Dès les années 20 et 30, l’Afrique du Sud, le Chili et la Nouvelle –Zélande
ont entamé des programmes à grande échelle de plantations d’essences exotiques à
croissance rapide. Après la première guerre mondiale, le Japon, la Corée et la Chine
ont lancé des programmes d’afforestation de grande ampleur. Dans les régions tro-
picales, le boom des plantations a eu lieu dans les années 70 et 80, principalement
en Amérique du Sud. Mais alors que précédemment ce secteur était essentiellement
étatique, il s’agit ici d’initiatives privées qui ont largement investi dans la Recherche-
Développement. Les biotechnologies développées sur un petit nombre d’espèces,
mais un grand nombre de clones, ont permis des gains permanents de productivité,
assurant une meilleure rentabilité aux investissements forestiers. La concentration
industrielle, la sécurisation des approvisionnements en matériau bois et l’adaptation
aux demandes du marché (grâce à la Recherche-Développement et à la brièveté des
révolutions) sont également des facteurs explicatifs de cette success story.
Les grandes plantations monospécifiques sont bien entendu exposées à des
risques, tels que les attaques d’insectes, les maladies et les incendies. Leur impact
sur la biodiversité et sur les communautés humaines locales peut localement s’avérer
désastreux. Certes, des efforts importants en matière de conception et de gestion
des plantations ont été réalisés pour atténuer ces risques mais beaucoup reste à
faire en ce domaine.
A l’opposé, le recours aux plantations intensives pour satisfaire les besoins
grandissants en bois industriels de nos sociétés modernes, devrait permettre une
diminution sensible de la pression exercée sur les forêts naturelles.
A l’avenir, un équilibre devra être trouvé entre la gestion durable des forêts na-
turelles et les plantations industrielles, tenant compte notamment du financement
des écosystèmes (par exemple via le REDD) et des politiques mises en place pour la
gestion durable des forêts tropicales. Dans tous les cas, les plantations devraient
voir leur rôle agrandi, en particulier en lien avec la fourniture de bois-énergie, et à
terme probablement pour la production de carburant ligno-cellulosique.
Enfin, tenant compte du rôle grandissant des plantations pour la production de
bois d’œuvre (teck, pins, acacias et eucalyptus) et du potentiel pour les plantations en
forêts tropicales semi-naturelles, nous y reviendrons plus longuement dans d’autres
numéros.
Willy DELVINGT Bernard CASSAGNE
Président de l’ATIBT Président de la Commission Forêt
3
Atibt
Les plantations forestières
Evolution dans les Régions chaudes
Dr. Bernard Martin - Expert consultant
Evolutions depuis les années 70 les acacias (Asie du Sud Est) et le d’une extension de 50 millions d’ha
Teck qui se prête bien aux biotech- (à 20 m3/ha/an) au cours des 25
Depuis une quarantaine d’an-
nologies (Asie du Sud-Est, Amérique prochaines années, pour produire
nées, les plantations forestières
latine). le milliard de m3 supplémentaire
sont l’objet d’une véritable révolu-
qui permettrait de couvrir à 80%
tion, en particulier dans les régions
nos besoins en bois. L’effort annuel
chaudes. Privatisation, intégration
correspondant serait de 2 millions
et intensification ont transformé ce
d’ha de plantations, nettement infé-
secteur classiquement étatique et
rieur à l’augmentation actuelle des
à faible productivité en un domaine
plantations qui est de 2,5 millions
très dynamique, attirant les in-
d’ha/an (dont 1,5 million pour la
vestisseurs. Ce développement a
Chine, seule). Cet effort concernera
surtout commencé avec la possi-
Parcelle monoclonale d’Eucalyptus « PF1 » surtout les zones tropicales ou la
bilité de cloner les eucalyptus, fruit (hybride naturel) à 9 ans (UAIC-Congo-1990).
dynamique est plus active et qui re-
des recherches du CTFT en 1973
Dynamique des plantations. présentent déjà 30% des surfaces
(B.MARTIN et G. QUILLET au Congo,
plantées dans le monde. Enfin, bien
sur les traces d’André FRANCLET A partir des statistiques de la
que le secteur public reste impor-
en Afrique du Nord). Outre la grande FAO en 2005, B.J. Carle et P. Holm-
tant dans certains pays asiatiques
homogénéité des plantations, le gren (2008) déclarent que les 205
(Indonésie, Chine, etc.), les planta-
clonage a permis la multiplication millions d’ha de plantations fores-
tions modernes sont surtout le fait
d’arbres exceptionnels, souvent tières mondiales de production qui
des entreprises privées, tendance
hybrides, très difficiles à repro- ne représentent pourtant que 5,2%
qui ne fait que se renforcer.
duire par graines. Les plantations de la surface totale forestière, four-
clonales d’eucalyptus, à grande nissent déjà 66% de tout le bois Evolution de la demande en bois
échelle, ont commencé en 1978, consommé par les industries. Les La ligniculture se caractérise,
tant au Brésil (ARACRUZ SA) qu’au perspectives vont même jusqu’à non seulement par des rotations
Congo (UAIC), poussant la plupart une prévision de 80% en 2030 courtes et une productivité élevée,
des grandes sociétés papetières à (R.A. SEDJO - 2001), confirmant mais également par des offres
investir dans la Recherche-Dévelop- la prédominance croissante des massives de petits bois homogènes
pement. En concentrant beaucoup bois plantés sur les bois naturels. correspondant parfaitement à la
d’efforts sur un très petit nombre En effet, la possibilité en bois, des demande industrielle (pâte à pa-
d’espèces, des gains génétiques forêts naturelles gérées durable- pier et panneaux). De plus, toute
et sylvicoles très élevés ont été ment, n’est pas extensible, et, dans nouvelle avancée technologique,
obtenus, entraînant un important les pays développés, la demande comme au Brésil avec la production
développement de la ligniculture. alternative autre que le bois, aug- de sciages d’eucalyptus de qualité
Parties des régions subtropicales mente. De plus, le défrichement (Lyptus d’ARACRUZ), contribue tou-
peu boisées, plus sûres pour les en zone tropicale se poursuit (13 jours davantage à la promotion de
industriels et plus favorables aux millions d’ha par an) tandis que ces « fast wood » (Cossalter et al,
pins et aux eucalyptus (essences les surfaces protégées s’accrois- 2003), dans un monde de matière
pionnières à croissance rapide bien sent régulièrement (+ 32% depuis première en pleine mutation où les
adaptées à la recolonisation des 1990). Dans ces conditions, toute conditions d’obtention priment de
terrains nus), les plantations fores- augmentation de la demande en bois plus en plus sur le résultat obtenu.
tières intensives progressent main- ne peut être satisfaite que par les C’est ainsi que l’évolution du secteur
tenant vers les zones tropicales en plantations et comme celles-ci sont privé traduit une double tendance,
intégrant d’autres essences comme de plus en plus intensives, il suffirait le secteur papetier se diversifiant >>>
4
dans le monde
vers le bois d’œuvre et le secteur condition de respecter les règles Tout en préservant une diversité
du bois d’œuvre commençant à de gestion durable, les retombées génétique suffisante et le bon état
créer ses propres plantations. Mais seront nombreuses tant au plan sanitaire des arbres, les possibili-
les progrès les plus attendus en environnemental (réduction de la tés d’augmenter la productivité des
matière de bois pourraient bien être pression sur les forêts naturelles, plantations sont très grandes, tant
d’ordre énergétique, renforçant protection des sols, lutte contre en matière d’amélioration génétique
ainsi la place qu’il tient dans toute l’effet de serre par séquestration (sélection, croisements contrôlés,
politique de développement durable. du carbone atmosphérique) que hybridations et clonage) que de mi-
Alors que déjà, 40% de tout le bois social (développement des zones nibouturage (de Assis 2001) et de
produit dans le monde est trans- rurales et création d’emplois directs sylviculture. En cas d’attaque para-
formé en énergie (bois de feu ou et indirects). sitaire, le clonage s’est également
de charbon de bois), des formes révélé comme une arme très effi-
Importance de la Recherche
plus élaborées ont vu le jour dans cace pour multiplier les génotypes
Développement (R&D).
les pays riches, aussi bien pour les résistants. Les pins, plus difficiles à
particuliers (chauffage central au En développant la ligniculture, rajeunir, font l’objet de croisements
bois, individuel ou collectif, à partir les Sociétés papetières, notamment contrôlés industriels ou de « bulk-
de bûches, de plaquettes ou de en Amérique du Sud à partir de propagation » (bouturage en vrac
granulés), que pour les industriels l’Eucalyptus, mais aussi beaucoup des meilleurs semis contrôlés) ;
(centrales de cogénération produi- d’autres organisations, telles que chez les conifères qui ne rejettent
sant à la fois chaleur et électricité). la CAFSA (Coopérative Agricole et pas de souche, le développement
En dehors des grandes centrales Forestières Sud Atlantique) forte de de clones séparés est plus rare et
couplées aux grandes industries ses 50 ans d’expérience sur le pin fait appel à l’embryogénèse soma-
du bois, on trouve aussi la micro- maritime en France, ont montré la tique (Australie). Beaucoup d’efforts
cogénération, solution attractive très grande efficacité de la R&D. ont également été faits en matière
pour beaucoup de petites industries de mécanisation de la
forestières très décentralisées, pro- récolte, de débardage
duisant de grandes quantités de et de transport. Toutes
déchets de bois, et ayant besoin ces techniques peuvent
de chaleur (séchage de leur pro- être appliquées à beau-
duction) et d’électricité. La vraie coup d’autres espèces
révolution devrait cependant venir mais cela nécessite des
des « lignocarburants », biocarbu- efforts de Recherche.
rants dits de « seconde génération » Il faut un peu moins de
fabriqués à partir de la biomasse 10 ans pour développer
et en particulier le bois. Quoiqu’il des plantations mixtes
en soit, le meilleur modèle restera ou énergétiques, ac-
celui de plantations mixtes où compagnées par une
tout est utilisé durablement (bois R&D efficace. Il n’y a
d’œuvre, petits bois et déchets). donc pas de temps à
Si le pétrole cher nous fait entrer perdre.
directement dans l’ère des ligno-
carburants, les PVD à larges dis-
ponibilités en « savanes humides »
s’en trouveront très avantagés par
leur main d’œuvre bon marché. A Test clonal de Teck à 3 ans (SODEFOR-2001-Côte d’Ivoire)
5
Atibt
Clonal planting
of eucalyptus in Brazil
An amazing accomplishment
Edgard Campinhos - Forest Engineer
There are several techniques State) with the purpose of starting a The company decided to collect
to propagate vegetables asexually; Eucalyptus bleached pulp plant, pres- seeds in Australia (E. grandis) and
i.e. without using their seeds such ently Aracruz Celulose S/A. in Timor (E. urophylla) according to
as grafting, layering, tissue culture, their origin : ecological conditions
Three species were chosen
rooting cuttings, etc. All these meth- more similar to their activity areas
such as Eucalyptus urophylla, E.
ods are called cloning which means to develop a large program of ge-
grandis and E. Saligna. The seeds
that clones are the whole of all ra- netic improvement. E. saligna was
used were those from Rio Claro`s
mets (which are the new plants) already discharged due to ecological
tree farm as well as the technology
genetically the same as the ortet incompatibility. In 1973 the company
for production of the seedlings which
or mother plant (which is the initial started its first mission to Australia
did not achieve the expected result
selected tree of the clone). These and Timor. Contacts were made with
in the region of Aracruz - sowing in
mother plants must gather charac- CSIRO researchers in Canberra that
seed-beds for seedling transplanta-
teristics e qualities that are superior indicated origins more appropriate
tion prepared with soil and manure.
and appropriate and thus there is for E.grandis. The CSIRO researcher,
Diseases were frequent.
interest in perpetuating them by the Peter Burgess, in Coff’s Harbour
cloning process in order to offer the After many tests inorganic soil (NSW) at the research laboratory
client qualified products. Mother began to be used from subsoil en- showed us the result of vegeta-
plants can be selected among de- riched with N-P-K in plastic bags, tive propagation by stake rooting
scendants from controlled crosses sowing directly in the package, ger- of Eucalyptus. This research was
or by selection in native populations mination and growing at the sun. developed by the French research-
or in seminal plantings. There were no more diseases in ers Bernard Martin and Georges
the nursery and the seedlings were Quillet from Congo Brazaville and
What happened to Eucalyptus in
rusticated in order to make them before that by André Franclet in
Brazil ? more resistant and to respond to the North Africa. Aracruz researcher
The agronomist Edmundo Na- irrigation planting process. This sys- saw at this research farm one line of
varro de Andrade, from Estrada de tem was developed by the company E. grandis containing approximately
Ferro Paulista (Railroad Paulista) and this made possible the planting 20 15-meter-high trees, perfectly
brought from Australia and Indone- of Eucalyptus seedlings in the field the same. These were trees cloned
sia a collection of dozen of Eucalyp- during the whole year (with or with- from the same mother tree which
tus species about a hundred year out rain) as well as the permanent clones were produced by Professor
ago. This collection was planted at working of the nursery during the Lindsay Pryor from CSIRO in Can-
a tree farm in Rio Claro (São Paulo) year. This occurred in 1969/1970 berra. So, researchers from Aracruz
aiming to select the best species to and it became possible to optimize could start using superior hybrids
produce fire wood for locomotives the planting of thousands of hect- that shown up in established plant-
and sleepers for the railway line. ares during each year, systematically ings with seeds from Rio Claro.
Natural crosses happened among perfect.
Back to Brazil, the researcher
the species. Plantings were made
The plantings grew and they immediately start from B. Martin
with these hybrid seeds along the
were very heterogeneous with fail- & G. Quillet publication on “Bois et
years and in several places in Brazil.
ures and diseases specially canker Forêts des Tropiques” revue (1974).
In 1966 the Federal Government (Cryphonectria cubensis) due to the He built a nursery house with inter-
created an Incentive for Reforesta- low genetic quality of the seeds. But mittent mist irrigation and begun a
tion and many projects were made in E. grandis e E. urophylla plantings selection of hybrid trees (natural)
using Eucalyptus and Pinus mainly. they presented excellent shape, vol- and afterwards their vegetative
Among these projects there was ume and good health. We knew it propagation by rooting of cuttings
Aracruz Florestal S/A, established would be impossible to get good re- with AIB (indol-butyric acid) and thus
at the city of Aracruz (Espirito Santo sults using seeds from those trees. taking control of this technology. >>>
6
Researches of species and with the same equipment, due to the
origins took place with the seeds wood quality improvement - 400,000
brought from Australia (E.grandis) t/year to 500,000 t/year.
and Timor (E. urophylla). Preliminary
The researcher Charles Hodges
results came after 4 years and from
from Hawaii offered Aracruz Florestal
them decisions could be made con-
a new model of container for produc-
cerning the best origins and new
ing of seedlings (a plastic conic tube)
crops. Four more trips to Austra-
that is know in Brazil as “little tube”
lia were taken. Afterwards family
for seedlings and cuttings, as well as
progeny tests were made as well
all technology for its use. A system
as selection of the best subjects in
for clonal propagation by rooting cut-
each family and seed orchards were
tings was created to large scale pro-
established including an orchard for
duction. These technologies begun
production of E. grandis x E. urophylla
to be used for other companies in
hybrids. It became known as “Euca-
Brazil and abroad as time moved on.
lyptus urograndis”.
Thanks to this development and
A program of genetic improve-
to the innovative board of directors by
ment like that takes from 20 to 25
investing in research and technology,
years while a clonally propagation
the research team was awarded the
program by stake rooting is almost
Marcus Wallenberg Prize in 1984
immediate especially today where the
in Falun (Sweden) by H.M. King Carl
whole system is highly developed with
XVI Gustaf. This award recognizes,
technological variations and sophisti-
stimulates and encourages forest
cated nursery houses. A laboratory
scientific advances that contribute to
was also established in the company
development of industries attached
for analysis of wood basic density
to forests. Thus, Brazil became a
and pulp yield. Other characteristics
world leader in the production of
of approved matrix wood were mea-
short fiber bleached pulp from Eu-
sured in the laboratories of the pulp
calyptus.
mill. On first step, 6000 trees were
selected to choose mother trees,
considering volume, shape, sticks,
percentage of bark, re-growing, root-
ing, density, pulp, extractives, etc.
On October 31st 1978, the
starting day of the pulp mill in Barra
do Riacho 3 million ramets had been
planted. The Annual Medium Incre-
ment (IMA) from the seminal forest
(with the seeds from Rio Claro) was
25m3 solid e became do 45m3
solid with the clone plantings of su-
perior mother trees. Pulp productiv-
ity became from 5,60 t/ha/year
to 12,00 t/ha/year. Another posi-
tive issue was the performance and
productivity improvement of the mill
7
Atibt
Situation actuelle
Des plantations d’eucalyptus au Brésil
Professeur Sebastião Renato Valverde
L’eucalyptus est une espèce tional de produits comme la cellulose, que la sidérurgie du Minas Gerais.
arborée appartenant à la famille les panneaux MDF, MDP et autres. Jusqu’à la fin des années 1990, la
des Myrtacées, originaire princi- sylviculture de l’eucalyptus se résu-
En termes d’améliorations
palement d’Australie. Plus de 670 mait pratiquement à une gestion en
technique et génétique, l’eucalyp-
espèces connues présentent autant taillis simple. En d’autres termes,
tus a été et est encore celui qui
de qualités de bois différentes. Au chaque plantation était intégrale-
a le mieux répondu aux investisse-
Brésil, la culture de l’eucalyptus à ment exploitée tous les 7 ans, pour
ments de recherche, tout au long
échelle commerciale a débuté dès la production de rondins destinés,
des quarante dernières années de
1904, avec les travaux de l’agro- soit à la cellulose, soit au charbon.
plantation commerciale. Sa pro-
nome sylviculteur Edmundo Navarro A cette époque, ce modèle de sylvi-
ductivité a évolué de 20 m3/ha/an
de Andrade et visait à répondre à culture montrait déjà ses limites et
dans les années 1970, à 40 m3/
la demande en bois de chauffe de laissait place à une gestion à usages
ha/an dans la décennie actuelle.
la Compagnie de Chemins de Fer multiples par taillis sous futaie,
Très probablement, il arrivera à 50
de São Paulo. Avec l’adoption de la régime dans lequel l’exploitation du
m3/ha/an dans la prochaine décen-
loi accordant des subventions aux taillis à la rotation de 4 ans pour la
nie. Il y a encore beaucoup à faire
reboisements (1965 à 1988), la production de bois énergie, n’était
zone de plantation de l’eucalyptus et à développer, en particulier en
que partielle et durait jusqu’à 18
au Brésil est passée de 500 000 matière de biotechnologie et pour
ou 20 ans, date de la coupe rase
ha à 3 millions hectares. bon nombre d’espèces.
de la futaie pour la production de
Ces subventions, bien que limi- Les plantations d’eucalyptus grumes, l’objectif étant d’obtenir un
tées dans le temps, ont contribué se caractérisent par des risques plus grand profit sachant que le prix
à une plus grande participation du associés élevés à long terme et des grumes est plus intéressant
secteur forestier brésilien dans le par un prix du bois, faible, en rai- que celui des rondins.
PIB, tant au niveau de la création son de l’existence d’un marché en-
Une fois que la rentabilité fores-
d’emplois, que de la génération de core sous concurrence imparfaite
tière de l’eucalyptus a commencé à
revenus, d’impôts, de devises et lequel, néanmoins, tend actuelle-
augmenter, sa culture s’est dissémi-
d’infrastructures. Du point de vue ment à se normaliser, étant donné
née dans le reste du Brésil, même
environnemental, une diminution de l’augmentation de la demande en
dans des régions à faible demande
la pression sur les forêts naturelles bois de ces dernières années et la
en bois. Récemment, la culture de
ainsi qu’une meilleure protection de la réduction de l’offre du fait de l’arrêt
l’eucalyptus s’est étendue jusque
faune, de la flore, des ressources en de la politique de subvention.
dans la région Nord où, paradoxa-
eau et des sols, ont été observées. En tant qu’espèce exotique, lement, se trouve la plus grande
Parmi la large gamme varié- l’eucalyptus présente plusieurs forêt tropicale du monde. Outre le
tale, les espèces les plus plantées points positifs au Brésil : il existe pôle sidérurgique à charbon végétal,
commercialement sont Eucalyptus peu de restrictions légales quant à dans le Sud de l’Etat du Pará, deux
grandis, saligna, urophylla, camaldu- sa coupe, il peut être planté à divers projets d’industries de cellulose doi-
lensis, cloeziana, citriodora, pellita, endroits et à diverses échelles, et il vent s’implanter dans cette région,
globulus et les hybrides urograndis est à l’origine de productions très grâce aux producteurs locaux.
(urophylla x grandis) et urocam (uro- diverses (bois de feu, charbon, cel-
Malheureusement, le dévelop-
phylla x camaldulensis). lulose, piquets, poteaux, traverses,
pement des plantations d’eucalyptus
meubles, matériaux de construc-
Fort de la rapide croissance au Brésil fait l’objet de plusieurs cri-
tion, miel, huiles, tanins, etc.).
de ses plantations d’eucalyptus, tiques infondées et basées sur des
atteignant des productivités de 40 Au début, les plantations de mythes comme celui qui prétend que
à 50m3/ha/an, soit environ 10 fois cette espèce se sont concentrées l’eucalyptus dessèche le sol, réduit
supérieures à celle des pays leaders dans la région Sud-Est du Brésil pour la fertilité, etc. Ces critiques ont été
de ce marché, le Brésil gagne des approvisionner les industries de cel- complètement réfutées par les Insti-
positions clés sur le marché interna- lulose et de charbon végétal, ainsi tuts de Recherche et les Universités >>>
8
qui ont démontré leur manque de chés existants ainsi que l’émer- ment du coke (charbon minéral).
fondement par des expériences et gence de nouveaux marchés tant L’exemple classique est celui du
des observations sur site. intérieur qu’extérieurs pour des projet du Groupe Plantar (sidérur-
produits issus principalement des gie et forêt).
Avec l’eucalyptus, le Brésil est
bois de plantation… Au Brésil, les
le pays qui possède le plus grand En résumé, les perspectives
industries de la cellulose grandissent
avantage concurrentiel sur le pour la culture de l’eucalyptus au
malgré la crise financière mondiale.
marché international, grâce, aux Brésil sont très favorables, d’au-
De nouveaux produits ont fait leur
conditions naturelles favorisant la tant plus que l’objectif national, est
apparition, comme les panneaux
croissance rapide des plantations, d’occuper sur le marché interna-
MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard)
à une gestion très compétente, aux tional, et pour les autres produits
et OSB (Oriented Strand Board). Le
techniques élaborées de sylviculture forestiers (MDF, MDP, OSB, etc.), la
bois d’eucalyptus qui était utilisé sur-
et aux gains génétiques très élevés même position élevée qu’il occupe
tout pour la production de charbon
des programmes d’amélioration. aujourd’hui pour la cellulose. En
et de cellulose, commence à être
L’exemple de l’industrie de la cellu- effet, comme nous l’avons présenté
utilisé aussi pour le sciage, la me-
lose, une des plus fortes du secteur ci-dessus, seul le Brésil réunit à la
nuiserie, la construction civile. Tout
forestier, donne une idée de cette fois une croissance forestière aussi
indique qu’il n’y a plus de restrictions
compétitivité : le Brésil présente les vertigineuse et des conditions aussi
techniques à son utilisation.
coûts de production de la cellulose, favorables pour la poursuite de cette
les plus bas du monde. En compa- Néanmoins, l’augmentation de expansion. L’avenir nous le dira.
raison avec les principaux acteurs la demande en bois d’eucalyptus n’a
de ce marché, on s’aperçoit que le pas été suivie par une augmenta-
prix du bois au Brésil est à moins de tion parallèle des surfaces plantées.
la moitié du prix de son plus proche Le fait est qu’avec la fin de la po-
concurrent. litique de subvention des reboise-
ments en 1988, et jusqu’à la fin
Bien que les perspectives du
des années 1990, le taux d’aug-
commerce international soient
mentation des surfaces plantées au
prometteuses, cet effort doit être
Brésil a été pratiquement nul, alors
poursuivi car d’autres pays ont
que l’augmentation de la demande
cherché à emporter des parts de
pour ce bois a continué à croître.
ce marché et, ainsi, à menacer une
Cela a contraint à consommer le
probable hégémonie brésilienne.
bois d’anciens peuplements fores-
C’est le cas de la Chine, de l’Inde
tiers très éloignés et déclarés non
et de l’Indonésie. D’où la nécessité
viables, ainsi que le bois de jeunes
pour le secteur forestier brésilien
plantations en pleine croissance.
de ne pas s’accommoder de la
situation présente et de continuer Outre les débouchés concrets
à progresser, de façon agressive des plantations d’eucalyptus, les
et compétente, comme il l’a tou- industries forestières brésiliennes
jours fait. Parmi les opportunités de ont investi, avec ces plantations,
progrès de la sylviculture brési- dans le marché des crédits car-
lienne, il y a l’utilisation toujours plus bone, conformément aux projets
répandue et meilleure des biotech- MDP du Protocole de Kyoto. Cela
nologies forestières. concerne principalement les unités
sidérurgiques à base de charbon
Au fil du temps, le marché des
végétal, étant donné leur meilleur
produits forestiers, tant domestique
équilibre environnemental, en com-
qu’international évoluent de façon
paraison avec celles qui consom-
significative. L’expansion des mar-
9
Atibt
The plantations in Argentina
Past, present and future
Luis Carpineti
Brief socioeconomic panorama of Argentina
90% of Argentina’s population (with 38.7 million inhabitants since 2003) live in urban areas. The popu-
lation density is 13.4 inhabitants per km2. Argentina’s 2003 annual growth rate was 1.05%.The country
has a great variety of natural resources but the economical situation worsened in January 2001 with
the consumers and producers’s loss of confidence. The efforts made in order to reach zero deficit failed.
Argentina has different potential ways of development in the forest sector that are widely explored (for exemple
natural and planted forests) but the current forestry policy lacks Strategic Development Plans.
Current Situation of the forestry sector
Argentina’s forest plantations cover 1,11 million ha that’s 3,4% of the 33 million ha of total forest area.
The Law 25080 gives a frame for the development and regulation of forest activities for a period of at least
10 years in order to increase the forest surface area.
Planted Forest
Misiones, Corrientes and Entre Rios provinces as well as the delta of the Parana River cover 80% of the
whole planted surface. This allowed a projection work up to 2020 in theses provinces.
Surface of the different provinces with planted forests. Information updated up to 2002
Province/region- conifers eucaliptus salicaceas others TOTAL (Ha)
Misiones 313,721 24,911 0 46,316 384,948
Corrientes 232,461 95,773 0 810 329,044
Buenos Aires 6,905 36,920 47,826 8,118 99,769
Patagonia (Neuquén; Río
48,320 0 19,595 695 68,610
Negro; Chubut y Santa Cruz
Entre Rios 11,712 90,048 15,919 13,386 131,065
Noroeste (Jujuy;
6,898 16,054 204 756 23,912
Salta y Tucumán)
Centro(SantaFe Córdoba y La Pampa 34,221 12,095 2,483 0 48,799
Resto :(Formosa;Chaco;
Santiago del Estero; Catamarca; 1,749 3,031 23,377 1,351 29,508
La Rioja San Juan; Mendoza y San Luis
TOTALS (Ha) 655,987 278,832 109,404 71,432 1,115,655
Wood offer may be the base for industrialization and the main sector initiative.
Native forest
Some data exist since the end of 2002 (with partial information on the first inventory) which analyzed the
regions of Selva Misionera, Parque Chaqueño, Selva Tucumano Boliviana, Bosques Andino Patagonicos, el
Monte and El Espinal. The annual forest production is 1 m3/ha/year but it can increase to 3 m3/ha/year
with forestry management changes in the future.
International Trade
Despite its lack of competitiveness, Argentina still imports forest industrial products. In the 1990-2000
decade the escalating demand for consumer goods increased these imports even more. >>>
10For the next decade this situation will be reversed thanks to important industrial developments with mainly
Chilean capitals. In 2001 the commercial deficit of the forest sector had reached approximately US$ 560
million (exports US$ 440 million - imports US$ 1 billion). The cellulose and paper sector looms large on the
deficit but at the same time and paradoxically it is the sector that exports the most.
Incentives
Some social and extra-sectorial factors can influence the development of a region, country or sector in the
medium- or long-term and increase its performance.
The Law 25080 provides the incentives for the forestry sector. On the basis of the current reality in Argentina
and the incentive Law the projection for forestry is analyzed up to year 2020.
1,11 million hectares were planted out of an estimated 15 million hectares of available land, which implies
great expansion potential.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross Industrial Output (GIO) projections until 2020
Scale 2001 2005 2010 2017 2020
GDP Million US$ 68.928 68.509 77.512 87.697 99.222
GIO Million US$ 10.607 10.937 13.148 15.805 18.999
INHABITANTS Million 37,064 38,829 41,154 43,619 46,231
Planted forests produce ap- River did not quite follow the affores- After 2001 the demand de-
proximately US$ 1.5 billion and tation dynamics during the second creased dramatically.
native forests US$ 175 million. half of the 1990s. The production of The information presented in
The latter have great potentials cellulose pulp went from 450.000 this paper was produced by the
for forestry, especially in the Selva m3.to 750.000 m3. Sawn timber FAO, SAGPyA and the Secretary of
Misionera and Parque Chaqueño production has been constant since Enviromental and Sustainable De-
regions. 2006 and its projection for 2030 velopment, on the base of Dr G.
Planted forests is of 120.000 m3. Braier consultancy work.
Conifers in Misiones Native Forests
The Misiones region offers a po- It is important to point out that
tential of 40,000 hectares of plan- the native forests of Argentina have
tations with an annual harvest of been harvested excessively since
20 million m3. This is four times the 90s and something must be
higher than the actual demand for done to revert the situtation.
cellulose pulp, board and sawn tim- Industrial development of Argentina
ber wood. The current industrial develop-
Rio Uruguay Region ment of the country is far from its
In 2010 the offer of sawn timber potential. In the next decade three
of Eucalyptus grandis will exceed the big cellulose pulp projects will be
demand. In 2020 this offer will double. developed in Argentina.
Today 1.7 million m3 is produced Paper and sawn timber de-
and in 2020 2.5 million m3. The mand in the future
company Forestadora Tapebicua has 2001 2005 2010 2015 2020
done a lot to develop seasoning of
Paper
Eucalyptus grandis sawn timber. 1.837 1.664 2.052 2.470 3.140
(million tons)
Paraná River Delta Sawn timber 12 year-old Eucalyptus grandis
1.285 1.280 1.384 1.497 1.619 clonal stand (40 m high
(million m3)
The region of the delta Parana and 35 cm diameter)
11Atibt
Recent development
of plantation forest in China
HOU Yuanzhao Académie Forestière de Chine
1/History of plantation de- 2/Current status of planta- growth is 15-20 cubic meters per
velopment tion development in China ha per year.
China has a long history of ar- According to the 6th national However, China’s plantations
tificial tree planting. However, the forest resource inventory (1999- have problems that very few are
development of fast-growing and 2003), the total area of China’s available species for plantation es-
high-yielding (FGHY) plantations was existing plantations was 53 million tablishment and plantations are
started only since the 1960s. The ha, accounting for 31.5% of the simply structured. For example,
program of establishing 100 mil- forested land. The total stocking the conifer plantations account for
lion mu (1 ha = 15 mu) of FGHY volume was 1.505 billion cubic me- 68% of the total plantation area of
plantations was implemented in the ters, accounting for 12.44% of the the country, while the broad-leaved
later 1980s, and the standards of total volume of the country. China’s plantations account for 32% of the
World Bank were used to establish existing plantation area accounts total, differing more than twice be-
FGHY plantations with funding from for forty percent of the world’s to- tween the two types of plantations.
the World Bank loan in the 1990s. tal, ranking the top among other 3/Prospects of plantation
Since the early 1990, commercial countries. development in China
plantations for industrial raw mate-
Among China’s plantations, The plantation area in China ac-
rials have been rapidly developing.
about 24 million ha are timber counts for about forty percent of the
Since the beginning of the plantations, 8 million ha shelterbelt world’s total, ranked the top among
new century, China has started plantations, 0.5 million ha firewood other countries. According to the
to implement several major forest plantations, 0.5 million ha planta- national development plan, the av-
resources development programs tions for unique purposes, 19 mil- erage forest coverage in China will
throughout the country, such as the lion ha economic plantations, 1.6 reach more than 20% up to 2010,
program of land conversion from million ha bamboo plantations. If more than 23% by 2020 and more
farmland to forestland, the program counted on species, the top 4 spe- than 26% by 2050, these goals
of establishment of shelterbelt for- cies are Chinese fir (9.22 million will be achieved mainly by expanding
ests along the Yangtze River basin, ha), Poplars (7 million ha), Masson plantations.
the program of establishment of Pine (5.85 million ha) and Eucalypts However, the level of manage-
“three-north” shelterbelt forests and (2.3 million ha), the total stocking ment of China’s plantations is gener-
the program of establishing FGHY volume amounts to more than 1 ally low, the total stocking volume
plantation bases. These programs billion cubic meters, accounting for of China’s plantations cannot meet
have greatly promoted artificial tree 65% of the total stocking volume of the timber demand for 5 years, and
planting in China. The Nation Wide plantations. there is much to do to improve the
Obligatory Tree-planting Campaign management quality. Taking the Eu-
Plantations of Poplars and Eu-
also strongly promoted afforestation calypt plantations for industrial raw
calypts are the most intensively
in China. Up to the end of 2007, materials as an example, very few
managed. China’s total area of
an accumulative number of 10.98 plantations can reach an annual vol-
poplar plantations exceeded the
billion persons have participated in ume growth of 30 cubic meters per
total area poplar plantations in all
the obligatory tree-planting in which ha per year, due to many managerial
other countries, and the majority of
a total number of 51.54 billion trees and technical constraints. Technical
poplar plantations are in east China.
have been planted. constraints include frequent quality
China has 2.3 million ha Eucalypt
plantations, mostly grown in south degradation of plant stocks, and
China, the average annual volume large number of root-twisted plant
>>>
12stocks etc. Managerial constraints the average per-capita forest area
include disconnection among stages and stocking volume are respec-
of nursery practices, plants trans- tively 1/5 and 1/8 of the world’s
port and tree planting, leading to average. China will continue to make
poor quality of plantations. great efforts to develop plantation
In general, industrial and ag- forests.
ricultural products have already
been over produced, but forest
resources, timber resources and
forest environment are in scarce.
China is one of the countries that
have poorest forest resources, and
13Atibt
Forest Plantation
in Indonesia
Eko B. Hardiyanto Faculty of Forestry Gadjah Mada University
Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia
Forest plantation is not re- found in South Sulawesi (60,000 have been steadily increased. Indo-
ally new to Indonesia and it can be ha), South East Sulawesi (15,000 nesia is the ninth biggest producing
traced as far back as 14th century ha), West Sumatra (12,000 ha). country for pulp.
when teak (Tectona grandis) was Mahogany was introduced to Java
Started as regreening move-
started being domesticated. In fact from Guatemala in 1870 and it has
ment at the end of 1970s to re-
the history of forest plantation in In- become an important timber tree habilitate degraded land, commu-
donesia was started with teak when species, currently covering an area nity-grown tree plantations have
the species introduced from India for of more than 50,000 thousand ha, been gaining popularity. They have
the first time. However, a serious and perhaps it is one of the largest contributed significantly to the log
effort toward sustainable teak forest plantation of mahogany in the world. production and the economy of com-
management began in 1865 in the munity-tree growers. For example,
For a long time forest planta-
form of yield regulation, planting and in 2006 teak log production from
tions have contributed significantly
thinning which was put in the forest the community teak plantations in
to the Indonesian wood production
business plan. Java alone amounted to 758,720
until the large scale exploitation of
Up to early 1980s plantation natural forest (mainly dipterocarp m3 and total log production of Fal-
forests were found mainly on Java, forest) started in early 1970s. More cataria moluccana was around 3,6
and covered an area of about two than 30 years the natural diptero- million m3. Falcataria wood has been
million hectares. They consist of teak carp forest dominated the wood pro- processed for block board, plywood,
(Tectona grandis), tusam or Merkus duction (20 million m3 per year) and pallet and light construction.
pine (Pinus merkusii), mahogany only around 20 percent of it came Recently, Indonesian govern-
(Swietenia macrophylla), rosewood from forest plantation. However, ment has launched a new program
(Dalbergia latifolia), agathis (Agathis since 2002 the wood production called ‘Peoples’ Plantation Forest’
loranthifolia), cajuput (Melaleuca from natural forest has been steadily which is basically community-based
cajuputi) and other species. declining, while the wood production commercial tree plantations. In this
from forest plantations has been scheme people living nearby the
In Java teak is mainly planted in
gaining of significant importance. In forest are allowed to grow forest
the state forest land and currently
2007 wood from natural forest was plantations on the state forest land
covering an effective area of more
around 3.2 million m3, whereas that with the objective of increasing the
than 600 thousand ha. The teak
produced from forest plantations income and livelihood of the local
forest plantation has also grown in
was 27 million m3. forest growers.
eastern Indonesia, namely South
Sulawesi, South East Sulawesi and Since the late 1980s, planta- Efforts to increase productiv-
Nusa Tenggara. Tusam was intro- tion forests have been established ity of forest plantation have been
duced from Sumatra to Java in on islands other than Java, though carried out by means tree breed-
1920s and since then it has been mainly as short-rotation plantations ing and silvicultural practices. Cur-
planted for large scale plantation, for pulp and paper as well as me- rent forest plantations for a num-
currently covering an area around dium fiber board. The main spe- ber of species such teak, Merkus
500 thousand ha and managed cies planted are Acacia mangium pine, acacia, eucalypt, gmelina and
mainly for high quality rosin gum (860,000 ha), Acacia crassicarpa cajuput has been using genetically
and turpentine, while timber is the (245,000 ha), Eucalyptus pellita and improved seed or clone. Long term
secondary product. Indonesia is the hybrid ( 83,000 ha), Gmelina arbo- productivity of forest plantations
third biggest producing country for rea (15,000 ha). A. crassicarpa is particularly for short rotation has
rosin gum after China and Brazil. mainly planted on peatsoil. The size also been of concern. Research
Tusam forest plantation can also be of these short-rotation plantations to address this matter has been
>>>
14in progress (i.e. Acacia mangium).
Results of this study indicated that
the growth of the second rotation did
not decline and in fact increased so
long as proper silvicultural practices
are applied which include minimum
site disturbance, the use of geneti-
cally improved planting, preserving
organic matter, nutrient input and
proper maintenance.
Figure 1. A 54 year old stand of teak (Tectona
grandis) in Cepu, Central Java. (Photo by Sugi
Purwanta)
Figure 2. A 21 year old stand of Merkus pine
(Pinus merkusii) in Toraja High Land, South Su-
lawesi. (Photo by Eko B. Hardiyanto)
Figure 3. A 7 year old plantation of Acacia mangium in South
Sumatra (Photo by Punto)
Figure 4. A 41 year old stand of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) in Jember, East
Java (Photo by Eko B. Hardiyanto)
15Atibt
Plantation forestry
in South Africa
Willem Olivier
South Africa has a land area of scientific management and conser- pines, eucalypts and wattles adapt-
121 447 000 ha of which 7,6% is vation of the forests. By the time of ed well to South Africa’s growing
classified as forestland by the Food the formation of the Union of South conditions, but it still required exten-
and Agriculture Organization of the Africa in 1910 most harvesting of sive experimentation to find the best
United Nations. The larger part of the evergreen forests was stopped. species and the best silvicultural
this area consists of open savan- practices. The rate of afforesta-
Negligible small quantities of
nah woodlands utilised for domestic tion increased and by 1910 about
sawlogs are currently harvested as
fuel. Only 0,28% of the country is 100 000 ha were planted.
the evergreen forests are mostly
covered by closed canopy evergreen managed for environmental con- The shortage of timber during
forests and 1,04% by plantations servation purposes. Once almost the First and Second World Wars
of pine (38%), eucalypt (54%) and doomed to extinction by ruthless stimulated afforestation. The Gov-
acacia (8%) species. The total pro- exploitation and mismanagement, ernment concentrated its efforts on
duction of all wood fuel and indus- the 336 000 ha forests are now be- producing pine sawlogs, whilst the
trial roundwood is approximately ing cared for through internationally private industry concentrated more
33 million m3 per annum. accepted rainforest management on the growing of shorter rotation
policies. crops for wattle tan-bark, mining
Little is known of the history timber and pulpwood.
of South Africa’s evergreen forests The planting of exotic trees
prior to the settlement of the first Little processing of locally
started after the first Dutch settlers
Dutch settlers in 1652, but the grown timber was done during the
arrived at the Cape. However, not
original inhabitants, the San and first decades of the 20th century. At
many plantations were established
Khoi-Khoi, did not harvest the for- the outbreak of the Second World
as timber was either harvested in
est trees. The Black immigrants, War only a few sawmills and timber
the evergreen forests or imported.
however, used large quantities of processing factories were in opera-
It was only in the second half of
poles and wattles for the construc- tion. This radically changed during
the 19th century that afforestation
tion of their houses. The Europeans and after the War when numerous
was seriously considered. The first
needed sawn timber and this led to sawmills, pulp-, paper- and board
trained foresters in the Cape Colony
the uncontrolled exploitation and mills were established.
realised that exotic plantations were
destruction of large areas of the the alternative to stop the destruc- South Africa is a relatively dry
forests. Initially, the timber was re- tion of the evergreen forests. More country with an average annual rain-
quired for housing, furniture and or less at the same time, farmers fall of 440mm. In 1972, a regu-
transport. When diamonds and gold in the Natal Colony started plant- lation was introduced whereby a
was discovered at Kimberley and ing Australian wattles for tan-bark permit was required to establish
Johannesburg, the forests had to production. plantations. This was done to en-
supply the mining timber. The annual sure that water was available for
By 1900, some 26 600 ha
harvests far outweighed the growth future domestic use, food and
of plantations were established of
rates of the forests. energy production and industrial
which 70% were owned by private
development. The result was that
From the middle of the 19th companies and farmers. The early
afforestation was stopped in certain
century the government of the Cape forestry pioneers soon found that
and restricted in other water catch-
Colony took a greater interest in the they could not apply the European
ment areas.
management of the evergreen for- style of forest management to
ests. Forestry-trained staff was ap- plantations. Initially, many different After a century of afforestation,
pointed from the 1880s onwards. species were planted on a variety a total area of 1,2 million ha were
This marked the beginning of the of sites. It soon became clear that achieved by 1975.
>>>
16The rate of new afforestation agement of the forest industry. A tributes 1,4% to the national gross
started to decrease due to unavail- new forestry act was promulgated domestic product.
ability of land, low domestic eco- with more focus on the participa-
nomic growth, droughts, and the dif- tion of communities. The procedure
ficulty of obtaining planting permits. for land claims by communities and
restitution was formalised and the
Within the space of a few de- economic position of black South
cades South Africa has progressed Africans in the forest industry was
from being almost entirely depen- addressed through legislation. A
dent on imports, to an exporter of new Water Act regulated the own-
forest products. Since the 1980s ership, right to water usage and
roundwood sales from plantations payment thereof. All of these ini- Dwessa forest and estuary on the Eastern Cape
coast. This unique forest was already protected in the
increased significantly because of tiatives necessitated the industry 19th century by decree of a Xhosa paramount chief.
the increased availability of tim- to make major changes to the way
ber and production capacities. Al- companies used to be managed.
though the larger corporate com-
On the operational front, the
panies played a dominant role in the
South African forester is faced with
growth of the industry, the smaller
the challenges to compete economi-
companies and farmers also made
cally in a global environment. The
significant contributions. Exports
issues at hand are the increases in
by Sappi, Mondi and the chipping
production costs, pests, diseases
companies sharply increased and
and fire damages. There is a need A party of woodcutters with handsawn lumber in
South Africa became a net exporter the Southern Cape forest near Knysna.
to increase the timber yields from
of forest products.
existing plantations, yet to manage
Of historic importance are it in a sustainable way. The influence
the initiatives by Sappi and Mondi, of HIV/AIDS has a direct influence
when they expanded internationally on productivity, worker replace-
through acquisitions of pulp and pa- ment, training and, eventually, in-
per companies outside South Africa. creased production costs.
Whilst the pulp, paper and chip ex-
At the start of the 21st cen-
port businesses grew, the sawmill-
tury South Africa has 1 266 000
ing and mining timber sectors, how-
ha plantations and 178 major pro- Graph of the growth of plantation areas in South
ever, experienced problems. This
cessing plants. Some 1 600 000 Africa.
was due to a shortage of sawlogs,
ha of plantations and unplanted
lack of new technology, substitution
land are certified under the Forest
of products and a decrease in the
Stewardship Council scheme. The
mining timber demand.
annual roundwood productions from
On 10 May 1994 a new era of plantations are 9,0 million m3 of
South African history was ushered softwoods and 11,3 million m3 of
in when Nelson Mandela was inau- hardwoods. The industry employs
gurated as the first democratically 630,000 workers or 4,3% of
elected President of the Republic of the formal South African employ- Mondi’s pulp and linerboard mill at Richards Bay.
Worldwide, Mondi produces 3,8 million tons and
South Africa. The new Government ment sector. The annual turnover Sappi 6,9 million tons of products annually.
brought a new approach to the man- amounts to US$ 3,5 billion and con-
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