Lieux de Mémoire française aux Etats-Unis d'Amérique - (Inventaireencours) v.10(F) -Miseàjour1ermars 2021
←
→
Transcription du contenu de la page
Si votre navigateur ne rend pas la page correctement, lisez s'il vous plaît le contenu de la page ci-dessous
Lieux de Mémoire française aux Etats-Unis d’Amérique
(Inventaire en cours) v.10 (F) – Mise à jour 1er mars 2021
1
Statue de la Liberté
Liberty Island, New York, NY 10004
https://www.nps.gov/stli/index.htm
40°41ʹ21ʺN 74°2ʹ40ʺW
v Offerte en témoignage d’amitié par le peuple français aux États-Unis, la statue monumentale la
plus célèbre du monde est l’oeuvre du sculpteur Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi. Sa charpente
métallique fut conçue par Gustave Eiffel, également alsacien. Son appellation officielle est «la
Liberté éclairant le monde». Elle est reconnue comme le symbole universel de la liberté et de la
démocratie et devenue l’un des symboles des Etats-Unis.
v L'idée d'un monument présenté par les Français aux États-Unis fut d’abord proposée par
Edouard René de Laboulaye, président de la Société française anti-esclavagiste et éminent
penseur politique de son temps. Fervent partisan de l'Union pendant la guerre civile américaine,
il est censé avoir dit: «Si un monument devait s'élever aux États-Unis, en souvenir de leur
indépendance, je pense qu'il serait naturel qu'il soit construit d’un commun effort - une œuvre
commune de nos deux nations.”
v Bartholdi pris sa propre mère comme modèle. Des dizaines de milliers de français, dont de
nombreux écoliers, cotisèrent pour sa construction. Assemblée et désassemblée à Paris dans les
ateliers Puget, ses plaques de cuivre furent numérotées et transportées dans des caisses.
L'éditeur Joseph Pulitzer du New York World lança une campagne de dons pour construire le
piédestal auprès de plus de 120 000 contributeurs, dont beaucoup étaient des immigrants
récents. La plupart donnèrent moins d'un dollar.
v La Statue de la Liberté fut inaugurée le 28 octobre 1886. Elle a été classée “National Monument”
en 1924.
v La Statue ne comporte aucun symbole emblématique de l'ordre américain, aucun drapeau ou
aigle. La tablette dans la main gauche de Liberty n’est pas la Constitution, mais la Déclaration
d’Indépendance de 1776.
2
PLAQUES DU SOUVENIR
Church of Notre Dame
405 West 114th Street, New York, NY 10025
https://ndparish.org/
40.805070 N -73.960380 W
v Ces plaques recensent les noms de 463 volontaires Français et Américains aux Etats-
Unis, des Membres de l’Escadrille Lafayette et de l’American Field Service « Morts
Pour la France ». Originellement conçues et installées en 1921, ces plaques furent
augmentées et complétées par le Colonel Roger Cestac, président de l’American
Society of Le Souvenir Français dans les années 1980, et furent transférées de
l’Eglise de St Vincent de Paul à l’Eglise Notre-Dame en 2018.
v Ce projet a été possible grâce à Monseigneur John Paddack, sollicitée par Françoise
Cestac. Une levée de fonds auprès de la Communauté Franco-Américaine de New
York, et notamment de notre bénéfacteur principal Jean-Hugues Monier, de l’
American Society of Le Souvenir Français Inc., de l’Association des Cadres de Réserve
Français aux Etats-Unis (ACREFEU), du Comité des Associations Françaises et de
langue Française (CAFUSA), des membres de la Fédération des Anciens Combattants
de New York et aussi par des donations venant de Métropole.
v Une messe pour la Célébration de la Victoire et de Jeanne d’Arc a lieu annuellement
(le dimanche le plus proche du 8 Mai)
v Une Messe de l’Armistice a lieu annuellement (le dimanche le plus proche du 11
Novembre)
3
FLUSHING CEMETERY - Carré des Anciens Combattants Français
163-6 46th Ave, Queens, NY 11358
Entrée à 46th Avenue & 162th Street. En voiture de Manhattan (c’est le moyen recommandé):
prendre le Northern Boulevard, tourner à droite sur la 162ème rue et à gauche sur la 46ème
Avenue.
40.75351160773242, -73.80352275105363
• A la Toussaint nous honorons nos anciens camarades qui reposent
dans ce magnifique Cimetière après avoir combattu pendant la
1ère et 2ème Guerre Mondiale, la Guerre d’Indochine, la Guerre
d’Algérie et les combats de Tunisie et du Maroc.
• Au centre du Carré, une tombe au nom D’Eugène Bullard, Caporal,
engagé volontaire dans la légion Etrangère, puis 1er pilote Africain-
Américain à avoir combattu dans l’aviation Française et
Américaine en 1917 et décoré de l’insigne de Chevalier De la
Légion d’honneur par le Général de Gaulle en 1959.
• Il y a aussi, la tombe de Milda Pathé, la fille unique des cinémas
Pathé.
• Non loin du Carré des Anciens Combattants Français, se trouve
aussi celle du Célèbre trompettiste Louis Armstrong.
4
GRAVE SITE of EUGENE BULLARD
9 Oct 1894 - 13 Oct 1961 (aged 67)
Flushing Cemetery
163-6 46th Ave, Queens, NY 11358
Sec;on C, No. 7, Plot 53
hWps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Bullard
• Au centre du Carré des Anciens Combattants, une tombe au nom d’Eugène
Bullard, Caporal, engagé volontaire dans la légion Etrangère, puis 1er
pilote Africain-Américain à avoir combattu dans l’aviation Française et
Américaine en 1917 et décoré de l’insigne de Chevalier De la Légion
d’honneur par le Général de Gaulle en 1959.
• Eugène Bullard était un soldat afro-américain très décoré (un mitrailleur
affecté au 3e régiment de marche de la Légion étrangère, le 170e régiment
d'infanterie française et le service aérien français en tant que mitrailleur)
et pilote de combat (Lafayette Flying Corps & Squadron N .85) qui ont
combattu avec les forces françaises pendant la Première Guerre mondiale.
• Il a été reconnu officiellement par l'US Air Force comme le premier pilote
de chasse noir américain.
• Cette parcelle est la propriété à perpétuité de la Fédération des Anciens
Combattants Français (Federation of French War Veterans)
5
CYPRESS HILLS – Carré des Marins Français
625 Jamaica Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11208
Cimetière National de Cypress Hills – Jamaica Ave, angle de Hale
Street, (limite de Brooklyn et du Queens).
40.6858524 N,-73.8809583 W
• Cérémonie organisée tous les mois de novembre le plus près de la
Toussaint (ou au cours des escales des navires de la Marine
Nationale) par la Fédération of French War Veterans et par
l’American Society of The Souvenir Français Inc. pour honorer les
25 marins Français morts pour la France à New York de la grippe
Espagnole en 1918. Trois de ces marins ont été rapatriés en
France.
6
Overseas Service League Flagstaff and Grove
Central Park East 69th Street
redcross.org
40.770164489746094 N,-73.96759796142578 W
• En 1925, un bosquet commémoratif de Central Park de 24 arbres
et mât a été conceptualisé pour un hommage aux femmes
américaines engagées et décédées à l'étranger pendant la
Première Guerre mondiale.
• Ce bosquet symbolique et ce mât ont été redécouverts en 2019.
Aujourd'hui, le mémorial vivant d'arbres florissants reconnaît les
femmes qui ont servi la nation américaine d'innombrables façons.
Il parcourt le mur le long de la Cinquième Avenue de la 69ème à la
71ème Rue.
• La première cérémonie de commémoration a eu lieu le 12
novembre 2019, le lendemain de la Journée des Anciens
Combattants. Des recherches sont actuellement en cours pour
identifier les noms de ces volontaires.
7
Dorrance Brooks Park Square
369ème Régiment de la première unité Africaine
Edgecombe Ave &, W 136th St, New York, NY 10030
https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/dorrance-brooks-square
40.741895,-73.989308
• Monument érigé en l'honneur du 369e Régiment de la première unité
afro-américaine à combattre pendant la Première Guerre mondiale,
également connue sous le nom de «Harlem Hell Fighters» et / ou «the
Black Ratters». Ce régiment n’a jamais reculé devant l'ennemi et a reçu la
Croix de Guerre.
• Ce parc est nommé en l'honneur de Dorrance Brooks (décédé en 1918), un
soldat afro-américain décédé en France peu avant la fin de la Première
Guerre mondiale. Natif de Harlem et fils d'un ancien combattant de la
guerre civile, Brooks était un soldat de 1eère Classe dans le 15ème
régiment d’Infanterie. Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, les soldats
afro-américains ont servi dans des régiments séparés et n'étaient pas
éligibles à l'aide de l'Army Nurse Corps ou de la Croix-Rouge américaine.
Malgré ces découragements, Brooks s'est distingué comme un soldat
fidèle et patriotique. Brooks a été félicité pour sa «bravoure signalée» en
emmenant à la charge le reste de sa compagnie après que ses officiers
fussent tous tués.
• https://www.6sqft.com/dorrance-brooks-square-a-harlem-enclave-with-
world-war-and-civil-rights-ties/
8
Vietnam Veterans Wall
Soldats Français engagés
55 Water St, New York, NY 10041
https://www.vietnamveteransplaza.com/about-vietnam-veterans-plaza/
40.7032255 N,-74.0090671 W
• ‘’Vietnam Veterans Recognition Day ’’organisé par « the Veterans
Affairs » de la Ville de New York. Quelques noms de Français
appelés dans l’Armée Américaine sont gravés sur le Mur du
Mémorial. Des recherches sont en cours pour collecter davantage
d’informations.
• "Vietnam Veterans Recognition Day" hosted by the Department of
Veterans Affairs of New York City. Some names of Frenchmen
called up in the United States Army are engraved on the Memorial
Wall. These names will be identified eventually.
9
DeWitt Clinton War Memorial
W. 52nd St. &, 11th Ave, New York, NY 10019
https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/de-witt-clinton-park/monuments/271
• Invitajon par le Gouvernement Belge (Consulat Général des Flandres)
pour célébrer l’anniversaire de la 1ère Guerre Mondiale avec la
parjcipajon de la Fédérajon of French War Veterans et de l’American
Society of the Souvenir Français Inc. pour honorer les « Dough Boys ».
• Deux cent mille soldats français périrent pendant la bataille de la
Somme.
10Statue de Jeanne d’Arc
Riverside Drive & W. 93rd St Joan of Arc Park, New York, NY 10025
https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/riverside-park/monuments/819
40.800333,-73.971459
• Statue de Jeanne D’Arc – Riverside Park, près de la 93ème Rue
• Une cérémonie prenait place à chaque escale du P.H. ‘’Jeanne D’Arc’’ ce
qui n’est plus le cas, ce porte-hélicoptères navire-école de la Marine
Nationale ayant été désarmé.
• Cette impressionnante sculpture équestre en bronze de la Sainte
martyre française du XVe siècle Jeanne d'Arc (1411–1431) est l'une des
plus belles œuvres d'art de la collection du Parks Commission de la Ville
de New York. Créée par l'éminente artiste et mécène Anna Vaughn
Hyatt Huntington (1876–1973), la pièce a été inaugurée en 1915. Un
groupe de citoyens éminents a formé un comité du "Monument Jeanne
d'Arc" en 1909.
• Le 6 décembre 1915, la sculpture a été dévoilée lors d'une cérémonie
élaborée, qui comprenait une fanfare militaire et l'ambassadeur
français Jean J. Jusserand. Mme Thomas Alva Edison faisait partie des
personnes sélectionnées pour tirer le cordon qui dévoila la statue.
• Huntington a eu une longue et illustre carrière, et a également sculpté
la statue du patriote cubain, José Martí (1965), qui se dresse à Central
Park South et Avenue of the Americas.
11New York Korean War
Veterans Memorial
10 Battery Pl, New York, NY 10004
https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/battery-park/monuments/1930
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Battalion_(Korean_War)
40.7034544,-74.0165614
• Guerre de Corée - Un monument est situé au bas de
Manhattan (Battery Park) pour honorer la coalition
internationale dont faisait partie un bataillon de
1017 volontaires français, sous commandement
américain.
• Paul L.Freeman Jr., le commandant du 23rd US
Infantry Regiment, a dit du bataillon français:
«Quand vous leur donnez l'ordre [aux Français] en
défense, vous êtes sûr qu'ils occuperont le poste.
Lorsque vous leur montrez une colline à saisir, vous êtes
sûr qu'ils réussiront à atteindre le sommet. Vous
pouvez partir pour deux jours, des tempêtes d'obus et
des vagues d'ennemis peuvent leur tomber dessus, les
Français sont toujours là! »
12Verrazzano Bridge
New York, NY
Marker is on BaLery Place 1½ miles from West Street, on the right when traveling
east
hLps://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=127196
40° 42.263ʹ N, 74° 0.983ʹ W
• L'inscription gravée est située à l'arrière du piédestal de la statue de Giovanni da
Verrazzano érigée en 1909. Elle se lit comme suit:
«En avril 1524, le navigateur d'origine florentine Verrazzano conduisit la
caravelle française La Dauphine à la découverte du port de New York et
nomma ces rives Angoulême en l'honneur de François Ier roi de France»
Photo credit: Larry Gertner of New York, New York
• Verrazzano, fils d'une famille noble, est né au Castello Verrazzano à Greve près de
Florence, en Italie. Au début de la vingtaine, il a déménagé à Dieppe pour commencer
une carrière maritime et a navigué au nom de la monarchie française. En 1523, avec le
soutien du roi de France François Ier, ainsi que des banquiers florentins, Verrazzano
embarque sur le navire La Dauphine à la recherche d'un passage vers l'océan Pacifique et
l'Extrême-Orient.
• Au cours de ce voyage, Verrazzano a exploré le littoral comprenant maintenant la côte
est des États-Unis et du Canada et, en 1524, est devenu le premier Européen connu à
être entré dans la baie de New York.
• Pour une relation approfondie de ses voyages, visitez le site:
http://www.rouen-histoire.com/Verrazano/Expose.htm
13Cérémonies pour commémorer les victoires de Saratoga et
Yorktown
St. Paul's Chapel of Trinity Church Wall Street
209 Broadway, New York, NY 10007
https://www.trinitywallstreet.org/about/stpaulschapel
40.7113024,-74.0091829
• Pour l’année 2018 et pour l’année 2019, les Cérémonies pour
commémorer les victoires de Saratoga et Yorktown ont eu lieu au
Cimetière de St Paul’s Chapel (Broadway au bas de Manhattan). Elles
ont été organisées par the Lower Manhattan Historical Association, en
collaboration avec notre camarade récemment décédé en février 2021
Frédéric Vigneron (French Air Force Reserve) et avec la participation de
la Fédération of French War Federation, l’American Society of Le
Souvenir Français, et l’Association des Cadres de Réserve Français aux
Etats-Unis (ACREFEU).
14• La Route Washington – Rochambeau a été homologuée
L’ American Society of the Souvenir W3R – US.
Français Inc. est impliquée avec la • Notre sociétaire et Ancien Combarant Serge Gabriel a
participation de la Federation of accumulé nombre de documents sur cere route, le long
de laquelle nombre de soldats français sont enterrés ou
French War Veterans et le National ont fait leur vie en Amérique après la bataille de Yorktown
Park Service (projet en cours).
15March Route of Rochambeau's Army: Plainfield Pike
Plainfield Pike (Connecticut Route 14A), Plainfield, Connecticut
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Route_of_Rochambeau%27s_Army:_Plainfield_Pike
41°40ʹ54ʺN 71°51ʹ50ʺW
• A 3.6-mile-long road segment in Plainfield and Sterling,
Connecticut that is a portion of the historic march route. It was listed
on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.
• It is a portion of Connecticut Route 14A, locally known as Plainfield
Pike, which is level in the eastern part but generally hilly with curves.
Along the route is open land including pasture and cornfields, wooded
areas, and streams including Ekonk Brook. It is bordered by stone walls
about 50 feet apart on both sides for most of the way.
• The only concentration of houses as of 2002 was of 18th- and 19th-
century homes in the Sterling Hill Historic District.
• The roadway was poor and caused difficulty for the French artillery and
baggage trains. The segment includes views of countryside evocative of
how the land would have been in 1781 for the troops marching
through.
The Dorrance Inn, Sterling, CT mentioned in multiple French accounts
16
Photo credit by Magicpiano - https://commons.wikimedia.orgMarch Route of the French Army: Old Canterbury Rd
Western Plainfield, ConnecScut
hWps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Route_of_Rochambeau%27s_Army:_Old_Canterbury_Road
41°41ʹ22ʺN 71°57ʹ4ʺW
• A historic site in Plainfield, Connecticut along the march route of
the French army commanded by Rochambeau.
• This segment of road is one of many that was traversed by
Rochambeau's troops in June 1781 on their way to Virginia, and
again in November 1782, on their return to Rhode Island. The
passage of the French army along this route is documented by
period route map drawn by French military engineer Louis-
Alexandre Berthier.
• French chroniclers of the march noted that it had "farms sown with
rye and wheat, but especially with maize. . . and with potatoes",
but that they also passed through "many woods, mostly of oaks and
chestnut trees" in the area between their third camp (in Plainfield)
and their fourth in Windham.
17
Photo credit by Magicpiano - https://commons.wikimedia.orgMarch Route of the French Army: Manship Road –
Barstow Road
Canterbury, Connecticut
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Route_of_Rochambeau%27s_Army:_Manship_Road-
Barstow_Road
41°42ʹ7ʺN 72°0ʹ13ʺW
• Part of the march route in Canterbury, Connecticut that was listed on
the National Register of Historic Places in 2003
• It is significant as a preserved section of the march route which, in this
area, is followed by what is now Connecticut Route 14. This section, is a
bypassed loop of road, cut off by a road realignment in the 1930s, and
therefore without traffic and not modernized
• Rochambeau's troops marched through here in June 1781 and found
the road along this general area to be the most difficult along their
whole journey. The road has been paved but the visual appearance is
still evocative of the historical period.
18
Photos credit By Cathy Cline - hSps://commons.wikimedia.orgMarch Route of the French Army: Palmer Road
Eastern Scotland, Connecticut
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Route_of_Rochambeau%27s_Army:_Palmer_Road
41°41′57″N 72°3′47″W
• This road, then in places little more than an unpaved track, was the route taken by
French commander Rochambeau’s troops in 1781 and again during their return march
in 1782 between Providence, Rhode Island and Yorktown, Virginia. French chroniclers
of the march described the portion east of Scotland as a narrow, steep, stony road,
and their baggage wagons arrived late at their camp in Windham on the westward
march in 1781
• The road is now a modern paved two-lane road, but its characteristics are very
much as described by the French in 1781, rising steadily and sometimes steeply.
Typical New England fieldstone walls line significant portions of the road,
another feature commented on by French chroniclers. Views from the road are
across hundreds of acres of farmland, lined by stone walls and trees, again very
typical of the march period
19
Photos credit By Magicpiano - https://commons.wikimedia.orgMarch Route of the French Army: Scotland Road
Windham, Connecticut
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Route_of_Rochambeau%27s_Army:_Scotland_Road
41°42ʹ3ʺN 72°8ʹ43ʺW
• The French troops camped beside the road within this segment in
1782. It was listed on the Najonal Register of Historic Places in 2003.
• The notable secjon of the road is about 1,700 feet (520 m) in length,
running roughly from Ballamahack Road in the west to Back Road in the
east. The roadway is now paved, but the stone walls and views of
countryside are much as it would have been in 1781-82.
• On the return trip from Yorktown in 1782, the French army established
a camp in the field on the north side of this road secjon
20
Photos credit By By Magicpiano - https://commons.wikimedia.orgMarch Route of the French Army: Hutchinson Road
Andover, Connecticut
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Route_of_Rochambeau%27s_Army:_Hutchinson_Road
41°45ʹ26.2ʺN 72°23ʹ58.9ʺW
• It is a 2-acre (0.81 ha) historic site in Andover, Connecticut along the
1781-82 march route of Rochambeau's army. It was listed on the
National Register of Historic Places in 2002.It is primarily a section of
roadway and includes White’s Tavern.
• The historic section of the roadway consists of the portion south of
Hendee Road. It is an asphalt-paved roadway, with a right of way 22
feet (6.7 m) wide, lined for most of its distance by stone walls.
• The segment includes just one building: White’s Tavern, which is also
historically associated with the Rochambeau march. This road is
identified on maps prepared by French engineers who determined the
Rochambeau army's march route in 1781. White's Tavern is known to
have quartered French officers during both the southward march in
1781 and the northward march in 1782. The army encamped in the
area north of Hendee Road on the 1782 march. The Marquis de
Chastellux was among the French officers who stayed here.
21
Photos credits: Top: by Magicpiano Bottom by: By Sphilbrick https://commons.Wikipedia.org.March Route of the French Army: Bailey Road
Bolton, Connecticut
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Route_of_Rochambeau%27s_Army:_Bailey_Road
41°45ʹ44ʺN 72°24ʹ49ʺW
• It is a section of abandoned, old roadway that is a historic site in Bolton,
Connecticut. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. The
roadway is one of the most intact sections in Connecticut of the march route
taken by French troops under the command of Rochambeau in 1781
• Both sides of the road were historically lined with stone walls; that on the south
side is now in better condition than that to the north. There are two short stone
slab bridges along this road section, which are little more than stone slab box
culverts. Unlike many other surviving Rochambeau Route segments, this one is
completely devoid of subsequent development
• French chroniclers of the Rochambeau army's trek were highly critical of the
road conditions in Connecticut. They described the route between their fourth
and fifth camps ( Windham and Bolton, respectively) as being "frightful", with
"mountains and steep ridges", that one writer said they traversed "with the
greatest difficulty imaginable". The road was originally laid out in 1710 and was
in the 1790s bypassed by more suitable routes. The eastern end is now marked
by an interpretive sign.
22
Photo credit: :By Sphilbrick - https://commons.wikimedia.orgFourth Camp of the French Army
Windham, Connecticut
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Camp_of_Rochambeau%27s_Army#/media/File:WindhamCT_
RochambeauCamp4.jpg
41°42ʹ3ʺN 72°8ʹ43ʺW
• The Fourth Camp of Rochambeau's Army is a historic military
camp site near Plains Road and Lovers Lane on the banks of the
Shetucket River in Windham, Connecticut. It was here that the
French Army under the command of Rochambeau encamped in
the summer of 1781, en route from Providence, Rhode Island to
the New York City area. Four divisions passed through, each one
night apart, starting with the Bourbonnais on June 21, then the
Royal Deux-Ponts, then the Soissonnais, and finally the
Saintonge division, on successive nights.
• One of Rochambeau's aides described Windham at the time as
"a charming market town, where, incidentally, there were many
pretty women at whose homes we passed the afternoon very
agreeably." Of the camp site, he wrote, "A mile away is a
beautiful river (the Shetucket) with a fine wooden bridge. We
camped on its banks very comfortably, though hardly militarily."
• The camp site was listed on the National Register of Historic
Places in 2003
23
Photos credit By By Magicpiano - https://commons.wikimedia.orgFifth Camp of the French Army
Bolton, Connecticut
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Camp_of_Rochambeau%27s_Infantry
41°46ʹ13.6ʺN 72°25ʹ39.8ʺW
• The Fifth Camp of Rochambeau's Infantry, also known as Site 12-25, is a historic site and an
archeological site in Bolton, Connecticut, on the march route of the French Army on its way
to the Hudson River and ultimately to Yorktown, Virginia. It was used on four successive
nights, the 22nd through the 25th of June 1781, by the four divisions of the French army
(the Bourbonnais, the Royal Deux-Ponts, the Soissonnais, and the Saintonge). In the
evenings, the French entertained locals by playing music and dancing with local women, on
Bolton Green.
• About 1 mile (1.6 km) before the Fifth Camp is Bailey Road and about a mile before that is
Hutchinson Road, both on the way from Andover, and both also NRHP-listed. The road to
the Fifth Camp was described as "frightful". The Bourbonnais division had to bivouac
without its tents, as its supply wagons were delayed on the poor roads.
• This site is listed for its information potential. According to a study completed in 2001, the
site "is an open field that retains its visual qualities, with stone walls marking the same field
lines as shown on the map prepared by the French engineers. The camp was occupied for
four nights in a row, one night by each regiment, in June 1781. A large number of artifacts
have been recovered to date, including numbered regimental buttons, .66 caliber musket
balls, period coins, and a lead bar.”
24
Photo credit By Sphilbrick - https://commons.wikimedia.orgForty Seventh Camp of the French Army
Windham, ConnecScut
hWps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty-Seventh_Camp_of_Rochambeau%27s_Army
41°42ʹ9ʺN 72°9ʹ0ʺW
• The Forty-Seventh Camp of Rochambeau's Army is a historic military camp site in
Windham, Connecticut. Located along Scotland Road a short way east of Windham Center,
it was the site of the French Army camp in November 1782, when that army was en route
from victory at Yorktown to Rhode Island. The camp site is considered of archaeological
importance, because it can shed light on transient military camp sites, whose locations are
not often known. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.
• Rochambeau's 47th camp was, according to a map prepared by a French military engineer,
located on both sides of Scotland Road, between Ballamahack Road and Middle Hill Road,
east of the village center of Windham. The modern roadway, designated Connecticut Route
14, is one of the most evocative sections of the army's march route in terms if its landscape,
and is also listed on the National Register. The site occupied by the army is about 15 acres
(6.1 ha) in size, with the street-facing sections lined with stone walls.
• When the French Army marched west from Providence to the area outside New York City in
1781, its chosen site in Windham was the fourth camp and was located west of Windham
Center on the banks of the Shetucket River. French diarists described the route west of
Windham as being particularly difficult. An enlisted man in the first brigade recounted
having a rest day at this site on the return march, where they were joined by the second
brigade "in frightful weather".
Photo credit By By Magicpiano - https://commons.wikimedia.org 25Daniel Basset House
1024 Monroe Turnpike, Monroe, Connecticut
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Basset_House
41°20ʹ58ʺN 73°11ʹ53ʺW
• La maison Daniel Basset est une maison historique située au 1024 Monroe
Turnpike à Monroe, dans le Connecticut. Construite en 1775, la maison est
importante en raison de son association avec les événements de la guerre
d'indépendance américaine.
• Elle est située le long de la route de marche empruntée par l'armée française en
1781 se dirigeant vers Yorktown, en Virginie, et peut-être aussi lors de son
retour.
• Un bal a eu lieu dans la salle de bal du deuxième étage de la maison pour les
officiers français de la section montée de Lauzun de l'armée de Rochambeau qui
campait à proximité, le 30 juin 1781.
• La maison, encore aujourd'hui une résidence privée, a été inscrite au Registre
National des Lieux Historiques le 23 août 2002.
26
Photo credit By By Magicpiano - hSps://commons.wikimedia.orgPlaque du Souvenir, Camp de l’Armée française
55 Stockton St, Princeton, NJ 08540
(In front of the Princeton Battle Monument, One Monument Drive)
40.3477912 N,-74.666936 W
• Le Sénateur des Français de l’Etranger André Maman et
Bertrand Châtel, Président of the Committee
Washington/Rochambeau Route de l’American Society of Le
Souvenir Français, demandèrent à l’artiste Jean Lareuse de
créer une plaque sur le lieu du campement. La carte est une
reproduction du dessin de Berthier, ingénieur géographe en
charge de tous les campements de Rochambeau pendant la
guerre révolutionnaire.
• Cette plaque en céramique de Jean Lareuse marque le 21ème
campement de l’armée de Louix XVI, commandée par le
Général de Rochambeau, le 31 août, 1781, en route vers la
Victoire de Yorktown.
L’inauguration de la plaque eu lieu le 23 mai 1998.
Les fonds furent levés par des amis de l’artiste Jean Lareuse. 27Champ de Bataille de Yorktown, VA
Yorktown, VA
https://www.nps.gov/york/index.htm
• Le 240ème anniversaire de la bataille de Yorktown aura lieu du 15 au
19 Octobre 2021. L’American Society of the Souvenir Français Inc. et la
Fédération of French War Veterans participeront aux cérémonies.
• Entretien du Monument au morts français, embellissement de la
clairière, rapprochement avec les associations patriotiques américaines
sont nos priorités.
28French Army Casualties at Yorktown
https://www.nps.gov/york/learn/historyculture/french-army-casualties01.htm
• During the Bicentennial of the Battle of Yorktown in 1981, members of the French
veterans' organizations attending the celebration noted that there was an area on
the battlefield where approximately 50 French soldiers were buried in an
unmarked, common grave. Although this area was indicated by a cross and a
plaque, none of the names of any French soldier was inscribed there. It has long
been a point of cultural tradition in France that the graves of those who died
serving France are marked with their names whenever possible, or that the
battlefields have a memorial with their names inscribed.
At the urging of French veterans' groups, the Ambassador of France to the United
States, His Excellency M. Emmanuel de Margerie, appointed a committee to
correct this oversight. It was the Committee for the Yorktown French Memorial,
with Professor André Maman of Princeton University serving as its president.
The purpose of the committee, which included both French and American
members, was to create a memorial to honor all French soldiers and sailors who
gave their lives in the Yorktown campaign in 1781. The memorial was to include
the names of some 600 Frenchmen* who lost their lives in this campaign,
including the Yorktown siege and the naval battle of Chesapeake Bay, or the Battle
of the Capes, as it is sometimes called.
The committee's tasks included the design, approval, funding and dedication of
the memorial. The design was completed with the approval of the Ambassador
and the National Park Service. Members of the French Societies of the Sons of the
American Revolution, Daughters of the American Revolution and the Order of the
Cincinnati as well as French veteran and cultural organizations here were engaged
in fundraising to reach the goal needed to bring the project to reality. Various
American hereditary and cultural societies also participated as a gesture of
appreciation for the French forces joining us in those desperate days in 1781 as
General Washington and the French commanders adopted the extremely risky
plan which led, against all expectations, to the final great victory at Yorktown.
29French Alliance Day
Valley Forge Memorial
1400 North Outer Line Drive King of Prussia, PA 19406
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Forge_National_Historical_Park
https://www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/history/alliance_washington.html
35.259905 N, -85.218319 W
• Au mois de Mai de chaque année une cérémonie est organisée
par les Filles et les Fils de la Révolution avec la participation de
l’Alliance française locale, de l’ Association Des Cadres de
Réserve Français aux Etats-Unis (ACREFEU), de L’ American
Society of the Souvenir Français Inc. et de la Fédération of
French War Veterans.
• The Treaty of Alliance between France and the United States was
concluded at Paris, February 6, 1778 and ratified by Congress May 4,
1778. The treaty provided for a defensive alliance to aid France should
England attack, and that neither France nor the United States would
make peace with England until the independence of the United States
was recognized. The knowledge of the Alliance came to Washington
on May Day, 1778.
• One week later General George Washington issued the following
general order: “…Upon a signal given, the whole army will huzza, 'Long Live
the King of France.’ ”….
30The Alliance Statue
Morristown Green historical park, Morristown, New Jersey
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morristown_Green
https://revolutionarynj.org/places/washington-lafayette-hamilton-bronzes-morristown-green/
40.7973506 N,-74.480913 W
• Une sculpture également connue sous le nom “The
French Are Coming”, dans Morristown, commémorant
la rencontre entre Washington, Hamilton et le
Marquis de LafayeCe le 10 mai 1780.
• Dedicated on the Morristown Green in 2007, this life-
size sculptural grouping in bronze, also known as “The
French are coming” commemorates the meePng of
George Washington, the young Marquis de LafayeCe
and young Alexander Hamilton, depicPng them
discussing aid of French tall ships and troops being
sent by King Louis XVI of France as support for the
budding naPon.
Bronze sculptural grouping designed by StudioEIS, Brooklyn
Credit: By Jerrye & Roy Klotz, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia Commons
31Ford Mansion - Washington's Headquarters
30 Washington Pl, Morristown, NJ 07960
https://www.nps.gov/morr/learn/historyculture/ford-mansion-washington-s-
headquarters.htm
40.7968944 N,-74.4659876 W
• General Washington used the Ford Mansion as his
headquarters during the winter of 1779-1780.
• According to a plate located there, General Lafayette
and the "Chevalier" Anne-César de la Luzerne, the
Ambassador of France in the US from 1779 until 1984,
stayed at the mansion.
• Anne-César de la Luzerne never failed to show his
sympathy for the young Republic. He even guaranteed
a personal loan, much needed to furnish food for the
troops in 1780. Luzerne County, Pennsylvania,
and Lake Luzerne, New York, are named after him.
32Rochambeau Day
Hartford, CT
Connecticut's Old State House
800 Main St Hartford, CT 06103
http://www.governorsfootguard.com/battrev/2014NOVBattalionReview.pdf
41.7660982 N,-72.6727024 W
• Chaque année en septembre défile la “First Company
Governor’s Foot Guard” en commémoration de la
rencontre à Hartford de Rochambeau et Washington au
début de l’entrée en action de l’armée française.
• To mark Rochambeau Day in Hartford, The First Company
Governor’s Foot Gard lays a wreath at the ceremonial
marker honoring the meeting between Generals
Washington and Rochambeau. This meeting in 1780
became a key moment in planning the end of the
Revolutionary War, and ensuring the start of French
assistance.
33Joseph Webb House
211 Main St, Wethersfield, CT 06109
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Webb_House
https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/colonials-patriots/sitec1.htm
41.7116894 N,-72.6529926 W
• This house, now the Webb-Deane-Stevens museum,
was designated a National Historic Landmark for its
significance as the location of the five-day military
conference held in May 1781 between General
George Washington and General Comte de
Rochambeau (Commander of the French Army) during
the American Revolutionary War that preceded the
Siege of Yorktown, the last major battle of the war in
North America.
( 41°42′41.6″N 72°39′13.4″W)
34ODELL HOUSE
425 Ridge Rd, Hartsdale, NY 10530
https://www.odellrochambeau.org/
41.0195° N, 73.8174° W
• Située à 30km au nord de New York non loin de I87 et juste au sud de
White Plains, cette ferme est en cours de rénovation et vient d’être
rachetée par la ville de Greenburgh (Westchester County) pour être
adaptée en musée.
• Rochambeau établit son QG dans cette ferme en juillet-août 1781 et
rencontra George Washington pour mettre au point la stratégie qui fut
couronnée de succès à Yorktown.
• Des contacts ont été initiés et doivent être poursuivis avec les
« Friends of Odell House Rochambeau Headquarters »
www.odellrochambeau.org
35Annapolis – The French Monument
St Johns Street & College Avenue
hWps://www.annapolis.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10421/Monuments
38.9841° N, 76.4936° W
• Ce monument est peu visible depuis la rue et difficile
d’accès car situé au fond d’un terrain. Il est cependant
très impressionnant.
• This monument marks the graves of the French soldiers
and sailors who died in America’s War for
Independence. It was dedicated on April 10, 1911 by
President Taft and French Ambassador Jean J. Jusserand
before a crowd of thousands.
• It is the first known tomb to the Unknown Soldier
anywhere in the world. The monument is bronze and the
work of Baltimore sculptor J. Maxwell Miller.
36Plaque at the Alexandria Camp of
the French Army
609 Oronoco Street, Alexandria, Virginia
38.80965°N 77.04575°W
The camp of the wagon train of Rochambeau's army in
Alexandria, Virginia just outside Washington, D.C. is
commemorated by a historic plaque at 609 Oronoco Street
Wagons were ferried across and down the Potomac River from
Georgetown in Maryland (in what is now Washington, D.C.) to
Alexandria during September 24 and 25, 1781, and the wagon
train departed on September 26.
Photo credit: Cliff from Arlington, Virginia, USA, via Wikimedia Commons 37Plaque at the Peyton’s Ordinary,
encampment of French Army
2664 Jefferson Davis Highway, Stafford, Virginia
hWps://www.loc.gov/item/00552208
38.45191°N 77.40439°W
A commemorative marker at 2664 Jefferson Davis Highway
identifies where Rochambeau's army camped one night in 1782
when marching north from Williamsburg.’
For more information, consult:
“Amérique campagne 1782: plans des differents camps occupés
Photo credit: http://www.markerhistory.com/peytons-ordinary-marker-e-79/
par l'armée aux ordres de Mr. le Comte de Rochambeau.
Rochambeau”, J. D. V. (1782) Amérique Campagne. Retrieved
from the Library of Congress,
https://www.loc.gov/item/00552208/.
Comte de Rochambeau's army marched north from Williamsburg,
Va., to Boston, July-December 1782. The soldiers marched in
four divisions, each a day's march apart, consequently the camps
shown were occupied for four or more nights.
38Trinity Church yard, Newport, R.I.
1 Queen Anne Square, Newport, RI 02840
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Newport,_Rhode_Island)
41.4872865 N ,-71.3144262 W
• L’amiral de Ternay y est enterré et a sa plaque dans l’église
• Courant été 2021 seront installées dans le cimetière deux autres
plaques en partenariat avec le National Park Service honorant
deux officiers français de l’Etat-Major de Rochambeau
39The LafayeRe Trail
Dizaines d’endroits réparhs tout au long des lieux visités par le
Général La Fayeke en 1824-1825.
hkps://www.thelafayeketrail.org/
Le Général La Fayette fit un “Farewell Tour” triomphal aux Etats-Unis en
1824 et 1825. Partout où il fit étape, des dizaines de milliers d’américains
se pressèrent pour le voir et lui rendre hommage.
Rien qu’à New York, plus de 90000 personnes sur un total de 120000
habitants vinrent l’acclamer lorsqu’il fit son entrée dans le port!
Tout au long de l’année 2024 seront célébrées dans chaque ville des
cérémonies à ce Français illustre, souvent peu apprécié en France bien
qu’il figure aux Etats-Unis au tout premier rang des Pères Fondateurs,
pratiquement à l’égal de George Washington. Il suffit de lire les compte-
rendus et les discours des maires et gouverneurs qui l’accueillirent,
quelques 40 ans après l’Indépendance, pour s’en convaincre.
The American Society of Le Souvenir Français compte s’atteler dès 2021
à des partenariats avec toutes les associations patriotiques américaines
qui participeront à ces célébrations, au premier rang desquelles la
LafayetteTrail Association, dirigée par son president Mr. Julien Icher, qui
a déjà installé des dizaines de plaques “markers” partout où le Général
Lafayette est passé.
40Sansay House
16-10 Dehart St, Morristown, NJ 07960
(Note: this house is a private residence. Please respect the privacy and property of the
owners.)
hkps://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=32669
40° 47.689ʹ N, 74° 28.894ʹ W.
Bronze marker erected in 1977 by Morris County
Heritage Commission.
• Following a welcoming ceremony on
Morristown’s Green on July 14, 1825,during his
triumphal Farewell Tour, General Lafayette visited
the home of Charles Ogden across the way on the
corner of Market Street. Later he attended a
sumptuous “men only” banquet given to him in
the upstairs room of the Sansay House on DeHart
Street. Afterwards, back at the Ogden House, he
was introduced to the ladies of Morristown. He
spent the night at the home of James Woods on
South Street leaving for Philadelphia the next day.
41Estate of Joseph Bonaparte
Bordentown, N.J
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/nyregion/bonaparte-point-breeze-
bordentown.html
The City of Bordentown and a land preservalon trust have bought Point Breeze, where
Joseph Bonaparte once lived from 1816 lll 1839 and where he erected a sumptuous
mansion, unfortunately no longer in existence.
Their plan is to preserve New Jersey’s conneclon to royalty and the Bonaparte family,
and turn the 60 acres into a public park.
We look forward to inilate contacts with the town and explore ways to contribute to the
Museum project.
42Bevin House
“The Little Prince House”
76 Bevin Road, Asharoken, NY 11768 Northport, Long Island
atlasobscura.com/places/the-little-prince-statue-northport-new-York
40.9345509 N,-73.3790395 W
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry and his wife Consuelo moved into this large
wooden residence in the early months of 1942. Built in 1862 by a wealthy
New York shipowner, the house is Victorian in style and has 22 rooms.
Antoine set up his office on the ground floor, in a room with a huge bow
window. He lev the rest of the house and the roof terrace to Consuelo, who
organized parwes in which French and foreign arwsts and men of lexers
parwcipated.
Antoine worked on “Citadelle” and on a certain children's story… which he
finally decided to illustrate himself, unconvinced by the overly elaborate
drawings of his friend Bernard Lamoxe.
Now nicknamed "La Maison du Pewt Prince", the manor house has
undergone extensions by the new owners.
In memory of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's presence in Northport, a statue of
the Lixle Prince, the work of Winifred S. de Wix Gantz, was unveiled on
September 16, 2006, in the courtyard of the municipal library.
43Le Petit Prince – Statue Central Park project
• The Little Prince is Saint-Exupéry's most successful work, selling an estimated 140
million copies worldwide, which makes it one of the best-selling and most
translated books ever published. It has been translated into 301 languages and
dialects. The Little Prince has been adapted to numerous art forms and media,
including audio recordings, radio plays, live stage, film, television, ballet, and
opera.
• There are no statues of any French writer or poet in Central Park, and we believe
that it would be appropriate to launch a fund-raiser and seek permission to erect a
statue of “The Little Prince” in the Children’s District, not far from where the book
was written at 240 Central Park South where St Ex lived a few months in 1942.
• joined the Free French Air Force in North Africa—although he was far past the
maximum age for such pilots and in declining health. He disappeared while on a
reconnaissance mission on his P-38 Lightning from Corsica over the Mediterranean
on 31 July 1944. In May 2000, a French professional diver found the remains of a
P38 plane in 230 feet of water off Marseille -- in the same area that a fisherman
two years earlier had brought to the surface a bracelet inscribed ''Saint-Ex.''
44Le PeHt Prince – Statue Central Park project
Preliminary ideas of placements (on a rock, to echo the planet on which he stood)
45Elsewhere in the United States….
There are dozens of notable loca1ons
with a tribute to France and/or an illustrious French historical figure
(List in Progress – Inventaire en cours) v.7 – Mise à jour February 9, 2021
46Statue of King Louis XVI
Jefferson County Courhouse, 527 West Jefferson Street,
Louisville, KY
https://louisville.cc/king-louis-xvi-of-france/
40.4907034 N,-86.1370923 W
In order to thank King Louis XVI for his actions to help the United States
become an independent nation, the Virginia legislature named a Virginia
settlement in his honor. The town of Louisville was officially chartered by the
Virginia Legislature in 1780, and became part of Kentucky upon the
commonwealth’s statehood in 1797.
The statue, at 12 feet tall and weighing 9 tons, came to Louisville in 1967 as a
gift of Montpellier Mayor Francois Delmas. This marble representation of
Louisville’s namesake was commissioned by the king’s daughter, Marie-
Therese, and originally unveiled in the 1820’s in Montpellier, France, 36 years
after his beheading.
Louisville and Montpellier had become sister cities in 1956, and the then-138-
year-old Achille-Joseph Valois sculpture was presented to Louisville Mayor
Kenneth Schmied as a gift of friendship between the two cities.
• This statue has been damaged during the protests of summer 2020,
however the City Council recently passed a resolution to restore it and
reinstall it at its original location.
47Statue of Joan of Arc
Maid of Orleans
Place de France, Decatur St, New Orleans, LA 70116
https://neworleanshistorical.org/items/show/1478
29.956722 N,-90.062744 W
“A Gift of the People of France to the Citizens of New Orleans”
Erected in 1972, it is a copy of the 1899 statue at the Place des
Pyramides in Paris by Emmanuel Fremiet.
It was sent to New Orleans in 1958 by Robert Whyte of the World House
in New York. When the statue arrived in the city, the city could not afford
the $35,000 necessary to erect it. Consequently, it was stored for 8
years.
In 1960, General Charles De Gaulle visited New Orleans and was received
triumphantly. On his return to France, he asked citizens to form a
Committee to start a fund-raising to finance the pedestal,, who reached
their goal in 1964. Finally, in 1972, it was placed on a 17-foot pedestal on
the Place de France at the foot of Canal Street. The statue was gilded in
1985.
This statue was originally located in front of the International Trade Mart
Building, but after the purchase of that location by Harrah’s casino, it
was moved in 1999 to its present location of the 'Place De France" on
Decatur Street in the French Quarter, next to the French Market on
Decatur Street
On the first day of the Carnival Season, the parade traditionally pauses in
front of the statue to pay its respect.
48Statue of Joan of Arc
Maid of Orleans, Portland OR
Coe Circle (at NE 39th & Glisan), Portland, OR
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joan_of_Arc_statue_with_pedestal_-
_Portland,_Oregon.jpg
45° 31ʹ 34.65ʺ N, 122° 37ʹ 22.54ʺ W
A replica of the Gilt bronze equestrian sculpture of Joan of Arc by Emmanuel
Frémiet, Place des Pyramides, Paris.
Dr. Henry Waldo Coe donated the statue to the city in 1924 in honor of the
doughboys of World War I. His son unveiled her during a patriotic ceremony
on Memorial Day, 1925, a day that was also the anniversary of her
martyrdom.
The statue was restored in 2005, thanks to The National Endowment for the
Arts as well as Target Stores, who created made a 'Save Outdoor Sculpture'
conservation award of $24,000 towards the work needed on the statue.
It is one of 8 statues of Joan of Arc in the world: Paris, Nancy, Mircourt and
Lille - all in France; and Melbourne, Australia; New Orleans, LA and
Philadelphia, PA.
49Statue of Joan of Arc Maid of Orleans, Philadelphia, PA Kelly Drive at 25th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19130 https://www.ushistory.org/districts/fairmountpark/joano.htm 39.969514 N,-75.18555 W This replica of Frémiet’s statue came to Philadelphia in 1890 when it was purchased by the Fairmount Park Art Associajon (now the Associajon for Public Art) on behalf of the city’s French community. It was placed on the Girard Avenue Bridge in Philadelphia. It was then relocated to a site near the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 1959, next to Pennsylvania Avenue, aka Benjamin Franklin Parkway (itself modeled aver the Champs-Elysées in Paris in 1917 by 2 French city planners, Paul-Philippe Cret and Jacques Grébert). A Bronze marker reads: “Joan of Arc 1889 by Emmanuel Fremiet. A Gif to the City to commemorate the French Centennial by Philadelphia French Cijzens and the Fairmount Oark Art Associajon. Restored and Rededicated 2010 by the City of Philadelphia and French Heritage Society.” In 1898, French sculptor, Emmanuel Fremiet fashioned his gilded bronze statue of Joan of Arc, his model was a 15 year old girl by the name of Valérie Laneau, she too had been born in the town of Donrémy-la-Pucelle on the same day and month, January 6, as Joan had, and at the age of 77, Valérie was engulfed by flames from an oil lamp that she had been trying to light and she died on May 30, the anniversary of the death of Joan of Arc . 50
A work in progress…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_French_origin_in_the_United_St
ates
• Several thousand place names in the United States have names of French origin, some a legacy of past French explorawon and rule
over much of the land and some in honor of French help during the American Revoluwon and the founding of the country.
• Others were named aver early Americans of French, especially Huguenot, ancestry, such as Marion, Revere, Fremont, Lanier,
Sevier, Macon, Decatur, etc…
• Some places received their names as a consequence of French colonial sexlement (e.g. Baton Rouge, Detroit, New Orleans, Saint
Louis, etc..)
• Nine state capitals are French words or of French origin (Baton Rouge, Boise, Des Moines, Juneau, Montgomery, Montpelier, Pierre,
Richmond, Saint Paul) - not even counwng Lixle Rock (originally "La Pewte Roche") or Cheyenne (a French rendering of a Lakota
word), compared to only two that are Spanish (Sacramento and Santa Fe).
• Fiveen state names are either French words / origin (Delaware, New Jersey, Louisiana, Maine, Oregon, Vermont) or Nawve
American words rendered by French speakers (Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Mississippi, Ohio, Wisconsin), versus eight
state names that are Spanish, or Spanish rendered (California, Colorado, Florida, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah).
• The suffix "-ville," from the French word for "city" is common for town and city names throughout the United States. Many
originally French place names, possibly hundreds, in the Midwest and Upper West were replaced with directly translated English
names once American sexlers became locally dominant (for instance "La Pewte Roche" became Lixle Rock; "Baie Verte" became
Green Bay; "Grandes Fourches" became Grand Forks). In contrast, Spanish place names in the Southwest were generally not
replaced by English names.
51Vous pouvez aussi lire
