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Liste des publications du Think Tank du PE
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank
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Date de création : 20-08-2022La sécurité énergétique dans la politique extérieure de l’Union européenne
Type de publicationAnalyse approfondie
Date 13-03-2020
Auteur RUSSELL Martin
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé approvisionnement énergétique | Balkans occidentaux | importation (UE) | indépendance énergétique | politique
énergétique de l'UE | Proche et Moyen-Orient | relation de l'Union européenne | Russie | transport d'énergie | transport
par conduite | énergie renouvelable
Résumé La présente publication décrit le lien qui existe entre la sécurité énergétique et la politique extérieure de l’Union
européenne. L’Union importe la majeure partie de son énergie et son plus grand fournisseur est la Russie, un pays
dont les objectifs de politique étrangère sont très différents de ceux de l’Union. L’énergie est un aspect clé des
relations extérieures de l’Union européenne, non seulement avec ses fournisseurs d’énergie tels que la Russie, mais
aussi avec les pays de transit de son voisinage. Outre les mesures intérieures visant à intégrer les marchés
européens, la diplomatie énergétique est un point central des efforts déployés par l’Union pour lutter contre l’insécurité
énergétique.
Analyse approfondie DE, EN, FR
The EU and Middle East and North Africa [What Think Tanks are thinking]
Type de publication Briefing
Date 08-03-2019
Auteur CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé Afrique du Nord | club de réflexion | coopération internationale | Ligue arabe | Proche et Moyen-Orient | rapport |
réunion au sommet
Résumé The European Union held its first ever summit with the Arab League in February, highlighting the growing importance
of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in tackling problems such as security, terrorism, migration and energy
supply. At their meeting in the Egyptian resort of Sharm el-Sheikh, more than 40 leaders from the two blocs discussed
issues ranging from ways to fight poverty and reducing irregular migration to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, instability in
Libya and wars in Syria and Yemen. The summit's declaration called for stronger economic and political cooperation as
well as efforts to support the multilateral, rules-based international order. This note offers links to recent commentaries
and reports by major international think tanks on the general problems found within the region and some specific
countries. More reports on the region can be found in a previous edition of 'What Think Tanks are Thinking' published
in October 2017. The issue of Iran will be discussed in one of the forthcoming issues of the series.
Briefing EN
EU efforts on counter-terrorism - Capacity-building in third countries
Type de publication Briefing
Date 19-12-2017
Auteur IMMENKAMP Beatrix
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Développement et aide humanitaire | Sécurité et défense
Mot-clé Afrique du Nord | aide de préadhésion | armée | Balkans occidentaux | intégrisme religieux | pays tiers | Proche et
Moyen-Orient | propagande politique | répartition du financement de l'UE | sécurité européenne | terrorisme | trafic
illicite
Résumé In the European Union (EU), responsibility for counter-terrorism lies primarily with Member States. However, the role of
the EU itself in counter-terrorism has grown significantly in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks that have hit Europe in
the post-'9/11' era. The cross-border aspects of the terrorist threat call for a coordinated EU approach. Moreover, the
assumption that there is a connection between development and stability, as well as internal and external security, has
come to shape the EU's actions beyond its own borders. In the context of terrorism, the EU has an extensive toolkit of
human and financial resources that support third countries in managing or mitigating terrorist threats. A key element of
EU action is capacity-building in partner countries, to ensure local ownership, a sustainable assistance model and the
full use of local expertise for challenges that are geographically distinct. The EU's external capacity-building efforts in
counter-terrorism include security sector reform (SSR)-associated measures, such as strengthening the rule of law,
improving the governance of security providers, improving border management, reforming the armed forces, and
training law enforcement actors. As part of the EU's multifaceted assistance, efforts to curb terrorist funding and
improve strategic communications to counter radicalisation and violent extremism complement SSR-related activities.
Soft-power projects funded through the Commission's different funding instruments, coupled with both military and
civilian common security and defence policy missions provide the framework through which the EU tries to address
both the root causes and the symptoms of terrorism and radicalisation.
Briefing EN
Multimédia EU efforts on counter-terrorism - Capacity-building in third countries
20-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 1US recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel
Type de publication En bref
Date 11-12-2017
Auteur IMMENKAMP Beatrix
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé ambassade | coexistence pacifique | conflit religieux | Conseil de sécurité ONU | instauration de la paix | Israël |
Palestine | politique étrangère et de sécurité commune | Proche et Moyen-Orient | question de la Palestine | régime
présidentiel | statut de Jérusalem | États-Unis
Résumé On 6 December 2017, US President Donald Trump recognised Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, mirroring the official
Israeli position on the status of the city. In doing so, the US has become the first country to officially endorse the Israeli
position on a hotly disputed issue that lies at the very heart of the Middle East Peace Process (MEPP), potentially
weakening the role of the US in that process as an impartial mediator and tilting the odds further in Israel’s favour. The
move has been widely condemned as a violation of international law and a political provocation. However, it leaves
open the possibility to address the status of the city as part of a comprehensive peace deal between Israelis and
Palestinians.
En bref EN
Iraqi Kurdistan's independence referendum
Type de publication Briefing
Date 11-10-2017
Auteur PICHON Eric
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Démocratie
Mot-clé extraction du pétrole | guerre civile | Iraq | parlement régional | pays tiers | Proche et Moyen-Orient | protection des
minorités | question du Kurdistan | référendum | réinstallation de personnes | rôle international de l'UE | Syrie | Turquie
Résumé On 25 September 2017, the government of the autonomous Region of Kurdistan in Iraq, under its president, Masoud
Barzani, organised a referendum on independence, disregarding calls by the Iraqi central government and the
international community to postpone it. The referendum was held in the Kurdistan Region's constituencies and also in
the neighbouring 'disputed' territories, in particular the oil-rich area of Kirkuk, which have de facto if not legally been
governed by the Kurdish authorities since the moment they were recaptured from ISIL/Da'esh. Even though the 'yes'
side has won, it is by no means certain that a Kurdish state will emerge in the near future. Such a state would be
weakened by internal divisions and poor economic conditions. In addition, Syria, Turkey and Iran strongly condemned
the referendum and have taken retaliatory action. Among other considerations, they are worried that an independent
Kurdish state would encourage their own Kurdish populations to seek greater autonomy. However, the prospect of a
Greater Kurdistan is remote, since the regional Kurdish landscape is dominated by the PKK (Kurdistan Workers' Party)
and its affiliate parties, which do not share the Iraqi Kurdish leaders' ideology or strategic alliances. Concerned by the
fragmentation of the Middle East, the EU, the USA, Russia, and most of the region's powers other than Israel,
disapproved of the referendum, which took place in the context of the ongoing fight against ISIL/Da'esh, and called for
negotiations within the existing Iraqi borders. This briefing updates Regional implications of Iraqi Kurdistan's quest for
independence, EPRS, December 2016.
Briefing EN
The EU, Middle East and North Africa [What Think Tanks are thinking]
Type de publication Briefing
Date 06-10-2017
Auteur CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Gouvernance mondiale
Mot-clé Afghanistan | Afrique du Nord | arme nucléaire | club de réflexion | conflit international | guerre civile | instauration de la
paix | politique européenne de voisinage | Proche et Moyen-Orient | relation multilatérale | région méditerranéenne
(UE) | rôle international de l'UE | Syrie | terrorisme
Résumé Developments in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) pose a growing challenge for the European Union. Many
countries in the region face war, political turmoil and popular anger, due to the impact of poverty in generating
instability, migration and, in some cases, terrorism. The EU wants to contribute to stability in MENA through
instruments such as the European Neighbourhood Policy and the Union for the Mediterranean, but there are calls for
the EU to play an even more active role in the region. This note offers links to recent commentaries and reports by
major international think tanks on EU-MENA relations and the general problems found within the region and some
specific countries.
Briefing EN
Pays du Golfe, Iran, Iraq et Yémen
Type de publication Fiches thématiques sur l’UE
Date 01-09-2017
Auteur GARCES DE LOS FAYOS TOURNAN Fernando | JONGBERG Kirsten
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé accord de coopération (UE) | Conseil de coopération du Golfe | coopération énergétique | droits de l'homme |
délégation PE | Proche et Moyen-Orient | relation commerciale | relation interparlementaire | relation économique
Résumé L'Union européenne a passé des accords de coopération avec le Conseil de coopération du Golfe (organisation
régionale regroupant Bahreïn, le Koweït, Oman, le Qatar, l'Arabie saoudite et les Émirats arabes unis) et avec le
Yémen, ainsi qu'un accord de partenariat et de coopération avec l'Iraq. Actuellement, l'Union n'entretient pas de
relations contractuelles avec l'Iran mais mesure les vastes possibilités d'approfondir les relations avec ce pays.
Fiches thématiques sur BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV
l’UE
20-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 2The EU and terrorism [What Think Tanks are thinking]
Type de publication Briefing
Date 02-06-2017
Auteur CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin
Domaine politique Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice
Mot-clé club de réflexion | cryptographie | extrémisme | Internet | intégrisme religieux | migration de retour | Proche et Moyen-
Orient | propagande politique | sécurité européenne | terrorisme | tourisme | transmission de données | État membre
UE
Résumé Terrorist attacks in major cities – notably in Paris, Nice, Brussels, Berlin and, most recently, Manchester – have
shocked Europeans, highlighting the security challenges for open democracies that result, inter alia, from conflicts in
the Middle East and Africa and religious radicalisation at home. In response, the European Union is pushing ahead
with its Security Union concept to boost cooperation among Member States and use synergies in combatting terrorism.
This note offers links to recent commentaries and reports from major international think tanks on terrorism in Europe
and the EU's response to it.
Briefing EN
China's policy on the Middle East
Type de publication En bref
Date 20-10-2016
Auteur GRIEGER Gisela
Domaine politique Affaires économiques et monétaires | Affaires étrangères | Commerce international | Sécurité et défense
Mot-clé Chine | pays tiers | politique extérieure | politique énergétique | Proche et Moyen-Orient | relation bilatérale | terrorisme
Résumé Four of the five UN Security Council (UNSC) permanent members have, to varying degrees, taken military action in the
Syrian civil war. Dissatisfied with the outcome of the UN-mandated military intervention in Libya, China has not,
although some of its arms deliveries to the region may have found their way to parties to the conflict. President Xi
Jinping's January 2016 visit to the Middle East, in the wake of the easing of UN sanctions against Iran and the release
of China's first-ever Arab policy paper, was primarily aimed at anchoring the One Belt, One Road initiative in the region
as an alternative strategy focused on economic development, as a means to generate stability.
En bref EN
The EU's global role [What Think Tanks are thinking]
Type de publication En bref
Date 07-10-2016
Auteur CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin
Domaine politique Gouvernance mondiale | Sécurité et défense
Mot-clé Afrique du Nord | club de réflexion | Comité militaire de l'UE | démocratisation | haut représentant de l'Union pour les
affaires étrangères et la politique de sécurité | interdépendance économique | politique de sécurité et de défense
commune | Proche et Moyen-Orient | retrait de l’UE | Royaume-Uni | rôle international de l'UE | sécurité européenne |
État membre UE
Résumé As foreseen in the European Union's updated global strategy, the Union aims to play a stronger role in international
affairs and conflict resolution, to reinforce a rules-based global order in an increasingly complex world and to better
coordinate internal and external actions to bolster security and defence. The document, entitled "Shared Vision,
Common Action: A Stronger Europe", was presented in June by Federica Mogherini, High Representative of the Union
for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice-President of the European Commission. It seeks to make the Union
more "credible, responsive and joined-up." Faced with growing instability in its neighbourhood and internal crises, the
strategy envisages boosting EU efforts on defence, cyber-security, counter-terrorism, energy security and strategic
communications. This note offers links to recent commentaries and studies from major international think on the EU's
global strategy and related issues. More papers on the same topic can be found in a previous edition of 'What Think
Tanks are thinking', published in May.
En bref EN
Global Trendometer
Type de publication Étude
Date 06-10-2016
Auteur CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin | NOONAN EAMONN | RECHARD Daniele | SCHMERTZING Leopold | WINDLE-
WEHRLE Jessica Freya
Domaine politique Affaires économiques et monétaires | Affaires étrangères | Démocratie | Développement et aide humanitaire | Emploi |
Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice | Industrie | Planification | Politique sociale | Sécurité et défense
Mot-clé Asie | Chine | communication mobile | croissance économique | fabrication industrielle | Internet | inégalité sociale |
numérisation | politique de l'eau | Proche et Moyen-Orient | prévision à long terme | ressource en eau | Russie |
technologie numérique | États-Unis
Résumé With the publication of this inaugural edition of the "Global Trendometer," the EPRS Global Trends Unit seeks to
contribute to the process of identifying and addressing medium- and long-term trends, and their possible implications
for policy-making in the European Union. Three essays and eight two-page vignettes on different geopolitical,
economic, technological and social issues paint a broad-ranging picture of developments that may shape Europe’s
future.
Étude EN
20-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 3Building resilience with the EU's southern neighbourhood
Type de publicationEn bref
Date 14-06-2016
Auteur APAP Joanna | PICHON Eric
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Sécurité et défense
Mot-clé Afrique du Nord | changement climatique | croissance économique | droits de l'homme | démocratisation | mer
Méditerranée | politique européenne de voisinage | politique migratoire de l'UE | Proche et Moyen-Orient | rôle
international de l'UE | sécurité européenne | terrorisme | violence politique | État de droit
Résumé It is a major concern for the European Union that most of its neighbourhood is marked by instability: the 10 countries in
the southern neighbourhood are all either involved in internal conflict or threatened by terrorism, or both. The migration
phenomenon complicates matters still further. A new strategic approach is required. The political and economic forces
that produce instability need to be tackled. The new European Neighbourhood Policy reflects this reality and might
complement the revised EU security strategy.
En bref EN
Iraq-Iran relations following the nuclear deal
Type de publicationEn bref
Date 09-05-2016
Auteur IMMENKAMP Beatrix
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé Iran | Iraq | islam | non-prolifération nucléaire | Proche et Moyen-Orient | règlement des différends | secte religieuse |
situation politique | situation économique | terrorisme | volume des échanges | États-Unis
Résumé Critics of the 2015 nuclear deal with Iran have warned that Iran would use any financial benefits to further strengthen
its influence in the region, by supporting its allies, which include important Shia militias in Iraq. While the nuclear deal
has yet to translate into major economic and financial benefits for Iran, any requests for extra resources to support
foreign allies will also have to compete with the Iranian government's many other – domestic – priorities. Moreover, the
potential long-term effects of the nuclear deal on the funding of Iran's allies in Iraq will depend on many other factors,
including the domestic situation in Iraq and Iran and developments in Syria. It is certain, however, that Iran will
continue to pursue its strategic economic interests in Iraq.
En bref EN
Low oil prices: A double-edged sword in the fight against ISIL/Da'esh
Type de publicationEn bref
Date 07-03-2016
Auteur PAWLAK Patryk
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Sécurité et défense
Mot-clé conséquence économique | géopolitique | intervention militaire | marché des produits de base | mode de financement |
prix du marché mondial | Proche et Moyen-Orient | pétrole brut | sanction internationale | sécurité régionale | terrorisme
| trafic illicite
Résumé Since its establishment in 2014, ISIL/Da'esh has become one of the most dangerous terrorist organisations in history,
due to its ideological appeal, territorial expansion, and diverse sources of revenue, including from oil sales. As plunging
oil prices reduce the 'caliphate's' profits, they may also bear a negative impact on the capacities of the anti-ISIL/Da'esh
coalition.
En bref EN
Iran after the nuclear deal: Implications for the region and the EU
Type de publicationBriefing
Date 15-02-2016
Auteur PAWLAK Patryk
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé accord international | Asie du Sud | conséquence économique | coopération énergétique | géopolitique | intervention
militaire | Iran | non-prolifération nucléaire | politique extérieure | politique nucléaire | politique étrangère et de sécurité
commune | Proche et Moyen-Orient | relation de l'Union européenne | sécurité régionale | sûreté nucléaire
Résumé The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action signed in July 2015 between Iran and France, China, Germany, Russia, the
United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union provides an opportunity for the normalisation of Iran's
relationship with the rest of the international community. The main purpose of the agreement is to ensure the entirely
peaceful nature of Iran's nuclear programme. In exchange, upon the implementation of the commitments included in
the deal and verification by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the sanctions against Iran will gradually be
lifted. It is not surprising therefore that after years of tense relations; both the international community and sections of
Iranian society have high hopes for the results of this agreement. Even though other international political issues were
purposefully excluded from the negotiations, there is an expectation that Iran will become a more responsible member
of the international community and will facilitate the finding of solutions to conflicts in Syria, Iraq and Yemen. In that
sense, Iran's relations with its neighbours in the Persian Gulf, and other regional powers – Egypt and Turkey in
particular – will be an important part of that equation. At the same time, Iranian society is hoping that implementation of
the agreement and the lifting of sanctions will significantly contribute to improving their living standards, in particular by
reducing the unemployment rate. See also our briefing outlining the nuclear agreement with Iran, PE 572.820.
Briefing EN
20-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 4European Neighbourhood Policy: Southern Neighbourhood migration issues
Type de publicationBriefing
Date 15-12-2015
Auteur APAP Joanna
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé Afrique | collecte de données | courant migratoire | droit d'asile | droits de l'homme | frontière intérieure de l'UE | HCR |
intégration des migrants | mer Méditerranée | politique européenne de voisinage | politique migratoire de l'UE | Proche
et Moyen-Orient | réunion au sommet | traite des êtres humains
Résumé The Valletta Summit held in November 2015 was the venue for more than 60 countries to come together with the
European Union and African Union institutions, as well as regional and international organisations involved, to address
the current migration crisis. The summit was called for in April 2015 by the European Council, when European Union
leaders held a special meeting on the migration situation in the Mediterranean, recognising the need to deepen
dialogue and partnership with the African countries. The April European Council tasked the European Commission with
proposing measures for immediate action, as well as policy options for the medium and longer term. To this end, on 13
May, the Commission presented its proposal for a European Agenda on Migration, which was followed on 27 May by
the implementation plan for the first measures. More than 3 600 people have so far been declared missing in the
Mediterranean sea in 2015. The grim death toll in the Mediterranean has provoked an urgent call for action as 2015
has been the deadliest year so far for migrants trying to get to Europe. The reasons for this significant increase in
migration flows include, amongst others: war, political repression, and economic crisis. Libya has become a popular
starting point for many journeys, with human traffickers and smugglers exploiting the country's power vacuum and
increasing lawlessness. On 13 April 2015, a conference of foreign ministers from the European Union and the southern
shores of the Mediterranean took place in Barcelona to discuss the review of the European Neighbourhood Policy
(ENP). At centre stage of the agenda was stronger cooperation in the fight against Jihadist terrorism and irregular
immigration. To this end, European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker tasked the Commission to come up
with a proposal for a reviewed ENP, which was published on 18 November 2015.
Briefing EN
Global terrorism: trends in 2014/2015
Type de publicationBriefing
Date 06-11-2015
Auteur PAWLAK Patryk
Domaine politique Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice | Sécurité et défense
Mot-clé Afrique du Nord | Afrique subsaharienne | Amérique | Asie | base de données | Europe | géopolitique | mouvement
autonomiste | Océanie | politique étrangère et de sécurité commune | Proche et Moyen-Orient | question internationale
| sécurité régionale | terrorisme
Résumé Terrorism continues to present one of the main challenges to international stability. Despite political agreement that
terrorist threat needs to be addressed jointly by the whole international community, a number of obstacles persist,
including disagreements over the definition of terrorism. This latter poses a significant impediment for research on
terrorism and only a few institutions have undertaken this difficult task. According to the existing data, the number of
terrorist attacks in 2014 was double that of 2004, an increase primarily linked to the growing number of countries
affected by terrorism, in particular in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, and southern Asia. The
same three regions have also been the most affected by terrorism, with the number of attacks increasing in all three,
most significantly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Altogether, the number of casualties almost doubled compared to 2013, even
though the number of terrorist attacks increased by 40%. Political instability and weak governance in many countries
have provided fertile ground for radicalism and growth in terrorist activities, in particular in Cameroon, Democratic
Republic of Congo, Iraq, Kenya, Lebanon, Libya, Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen. Although Al-Qaeda and
its offshoots maintain a strong position internationally, and continue to pose a serious threat, their standing has been
increasingly challenged by the emergence of the 'Islamic State' Group (ISIL/Da'esh). The creation of a terrorist enclave
on Syrian and Iraqi territory, and the establishment of a self-proclaimed caliphate, provided an appealing narrative that
has fuelled a continued influx of foreign fighters to join the ranks of ISIL/Da'esh.
Briefing EN
Nuclear deal with Iran
Type de publicationEn bref
Date 04-09-2015
Auteur PAWLAK Patryk
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Gouvernance mondiale
Mot-clé accord international | Agence internationale de l'énergie atomique | coexistence pacifique | enrichissement du
combustible | Iran | non-prolifération nucléaire | politique nucléaire | politique étrangère et de sécurité commune |
Proche et Moyen-Orient | sécurité régionale | uranium | utilisation pacifique d'énergie | énergie nucléaire | États-Unis
Résumé The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) agreed on 14 July 2015 concludes the long process of negotiations
concerning Iran's nuclear programme. A political understanding by the parties concerned, it aims to ensure that Iran's
nuclear programme will be exclusively peaceful, in exchange for termination of restrictive measures against Iran. The
deal received a generally positive reaction in Europe and Asia but mixed reception in the US and the region.
En bref EN
20-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 5Relations between Islam and the state
Type de publicationEn bref
Date 30-06-2015
Auteur KUSSEROW SEBASTIAN | PAWLAK Patryk
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice
Mot-clé Afrique du Nord | Asie du Sud | Asie du Sud-Est | droit musulman | histoire | islam | Proche et Moyen-Orient | relation
Église-État | État islamique
Résumé Since its inception in the 7th century AD, Islam has been the predominant religion in a great number of political entities
from North Africa to south-east Asia. The desire to organise a society according to Islamic principles has spawned very
different results in the course of history – not least because interpretations of Islam have varied across the regions of
the world and through the ages.
En bref EN
Security challenges in the MENA region
Type de publicationEn bref
Date 29-06-2015
Auteur CIRLIG Carmen-Cristina
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Sécurité et défense
Mot-clé Afrique du Nord | guerre civile | intégrisme religieux | politique étrangère et de sécurité commune | Proche et Moyen-
Orient | situation politique | situation économique | sécurité régionale | terrorisme
Résumé The wave of violence and political turbulence engulfing the entire Middle East and North Africa (MENA) poses
significant security challenges not only for the countries of the region, but also beyond, including for the European
Union (EU).
En bref EN
Conflict and Cooperation over Water - The Role of the EU in Ensuring the Realisation of Human Rights
Type de publicationÉtude
Date 18-06-2015
Auteur externe Inga WINKLER (NYU Center for Human Rights & Global Justice, the United States)
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Droits de l''homme | Démocratie | Développement et aide humanitaire | Développement régional |
Environnement | Politique de recherche | Politique sociale | Protection des consommateurs | Santé publique
Mot-clé Afrique orientale | Amérique latine | besoin en eau | besoins fondamentaux | conflit social | consommation d'eau |
coopération transfrontalière | directive CE | distribution de l'eau | droit international | droits de l'homme | droits sociaux |
développement durable | eau potable | eau souterraine | lutte contre la discrimination | ONU | Proche et Moyen-Orient |
ressource en eau | rôle international de l'UE | utilisation de l'eau | Égypte
Résumé The human right to water has been firmly established and its implications for policy-making have been discussed in
many fields. Thus far, this has hardly been the case for conflicts over water. This study discusses what it means to
integrate human rights in the context of governing water and addressing conflicts over water. A human rights
perspective on conflicts over water will help formulating equitable water governance strategies. To support such
developments, the EU should integrate human rights in policies and other measures to address water conflicts at all
levels. The EU’s activities should be guided by the human rights principles of non-discrimination and equality;
participation and access to information; accountability and access to justice; and a priority for water uses as far as they
are necessary for the realisation of human rights. This relates to internal legislation and policies, development
cooperation, engagement in transboundary basins, political dialogues with partner countries, international fora such as
the UN Human Rights Council, and the negotiations on the post-2015 development agenda. The European Parliament,
specifically, should support such initiatives with resolutions, engagement in UN and inter-parliamentary fora, and
enhancement of public awareness.
Étude EN
20-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 6Towards More Effective Global Humanitarian Action: How the EU Can Contribute
Type de publication Étude
Date 15-06-2015
Auteur externe Cristina Churruca Muguruza (Institute of Human Rights, University of Deusto, NOHA Network of Universities in
Humanitarian Action, Spain)
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Droits de l''homme | Démocratie | Développement et aide humanitaire | Sécurité et défense
Mot-clé Afrique | aide humanitaire | Asie | ECHO | financement de l'aide | Proche et Moyen-Orient | réunion internationale | rôle
international de l'UE | évaluation de l'aide
Résumé The World Humanitarian Summit (WHS) in May 2016 will be the culmination of a global consultation process. The
three-year initiative responds to the need to adapt the humanitarian system in order to make humanitarian action more
efficient and effective in keeping pace with the rapidly changing context of emergencies. Consultations leading up to
the Summit have provided the opportunity to gain perspectives from different regions of the world. As a result, three
main priorities have been highlighted: the need for humanitarians to protect and preserve the dignity of people affected
by conflict and disaster; a call to find innovative and sustainable ways of meeting people's needs; and a demand from
the global South to 'localise' humanitarian response by strengthening local, national and regional capacities to prevent,
manage and respond to crisis. There is potential for the European Union (EU) to take a leadership role in the process
and influence the WHS outcome. ECHO´s new need assessment tools and the Linking Relief Rehabilitation and
Development (LRRD) as well as Resilience approaches offer a framework for responding to the challenges posed by
protracted crises. This study recommends that the European Consensus on Humanitarian Aid should be applied as a
model for a 'Global Consensus on Humanitarian Action' or a 'Global Compact' recognising the diversity of today's
humanitarian response system while taking advantage of all actors' complementary role. Furthermore, the EU and
member states must commit to placing protection at the centre of humanitarian action and ensure that the EU´s
humanitarian aid is not regarded as a crisis management tool, and allowed to become an instrument of its foreign
policy.
Étude EN
Cyber defence in the EU: Preparing for cyber warfare?
Type de publication Briefing
Date 29-10-2014
Auteur CIRLIG Carmen-Cristina
Domaine politique Espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice | Sécurité et défense
Mot-clé atteinte à la sûreté de l'État | Chine | Corée du Nord | Corée du Sud | criminalité informatique | défense stratégique |
OTAN | politique de sécurité et de défense commune | Proche et Moyen-Orient | protection des données | Russie |
virus informatique | État membre UE | États-Unis
Résumé In recent years, cyber attacks on a serious scale have become a matter of concern to states, due to the threat they can
pose to national security, but also a potential foreign policy and military tool to be added to existing options in their
arsenals.
Briefing EN
Iraq's Deadly Spiral toward a Civil War
Type de publicationAnalyse approfondie
Date 09-10-2013
Auteur HAKALA Pekka
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Démocratie
Mot-clé conflit religieux | coopération internationale | guerre civile | Iraq | politique d'aide | Proche et Moyen-Orient | prévention
des conflits | statut politique | terrorisme | victime civile
Résumé In recent months sectarian violence in Iraq has escalated worryingly. More than 6 400 people have been killed across
the country this year, half of them in the last three months. The Shia-dominated central government has failed to
address the grievances of the Sunni minority and has responded to public protests with a heavy hand, leading militant
Sunni groups such as the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant to gain ground. The situation is compounded by the
dangerous spill-over from the civil war in neighbouring Syria.
Iraq matters for the entire Middle East. While the only real solutions to Iraq's problems are domestic, international
actors can contribute to the process. The role of the European Union can be significant in consolidating the country's
judicial and law enforcement authorities and in organising the forthcoming parliamentary elections.
Analyse approfondie EN
Is a nuclear-weapon-free Middle East possible?
Type de publication Briefing
Date 05-07-2013
Auteur PONTIROLI GOBBI Francesco
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Sécurité et défense
Mot-clé Agence internationale de l'énergie atomique | arme nucléaire | Assemblée générale ONU | dénucléarisation |
négociation internationale | Proche et Moyen-Orient | relation diplomatique | sécurité régionale
Résumé A Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (NWFZ) is seen as a useful instrument to implement multilateral agreements
prohib-iting acquisition, stocking, and testing of nuclear weapons. As for the Middle East, talks have been in the air for
decades. However, due to hostility between Israelis and Palestinians, frozen diplomatic relations, Israeli and Iranian
nuclear ambitions and the unstable political situation in the region talks have not yet materialised. Hopes were
dampened when the Helsinki conference, scheduled for late 2012, was postponed. But recently there have been
signals that the process could be revived.
Briefing EN
20-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 7Turkey's regional power aspirations
Type de publication Briefing
Date 06-05-2013
Auteur CIRLIG Carmen-Cristina
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Sécurité et défense
Mot-clé conflit international | Iran | politique extérieure | Proche et Moyen-Orient | situation politique | Syrie | sécurité régionale |
Turquie
Résumé The rise to power of the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP) in 2002 has prompted the
emergence of a new Turkish foreign policy doctrine. Its principles emphasise a policy of "zero problems with
neighbours", proactive diplomacy, as well as a more autonomous foreign policy.
Briefing EN
The Death Penalty in the Middle East and North Africa
Type de publication Briefing
Date 04-12-2012
Auteur BANDONE Anete | HAKALA Pekka
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Droits de l''homme
Mot-clé Afrique du Nord | droit pénal | droits de l'homme | fonds (UE) | peine de mort | Proche et Moyen-Orient | relation de
l'Union européenne
Résumé The abolition of capital punishment is a key objective for the European Union’s human rights policy. While a handful of
countries in the region no longer apply capital punishment, all retain the death penalty on their books. None of the
MENA Countries has signed the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR, which aims to abolish the death penalty. In
most countries in the MENA region, the legal system is mainly based primarily on Shari'a. Unsurprisingly, Israel's legal
system has different sources. In criminal law determined by Shari'a, most crimes classified as Hudud are punishable
by death, because they represent a threat for Islam. In 2012, Iran confirmed its lead position in the region with two
executions per day. Despite its international obligations, Iran continues to execute juvenile prisoners. Iraq executed
more than 62 people In 2011, and more than 102 in the first nine months of 2012. The number of executions per capita
in Gaza is the highest in the region. Apostasy and sorcery are among the crimes punishable by death in Saudi Arabia.
In Yemen, more than 29 people have been executed in 2012. The UN launched three moratoria on the use of the
death penalty between 2007 and 2011. The European Union's campaign against capital punishment aims at
persuading its partner countries to abolish death penalty, through political dialogue. In the 2007-2010 period, the EU
allocated EUR 8 million to 21 projects worldwide, 4 of which were in the MENA region. The indicative budget for 2011-
2013 is EUR 7 million.
Briefing EN
EU Action to Strengthen Respect for Human Rights and Democracy in the Process of Political Changes in
the Middle East and North Africa
Type de publication Étude
Date 04-12-2012
Auteur externe Richard YOUNGS and Hélène MICHOU (Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior - FRIDE,
Spain) ,
Case studies :
Kristina KAUSCH (Egypt) , Barah MIKAIL (Tunisia) , Hélène MICHOU (Syria) and Ana ECHAGUE (Yemen)
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Droits de l''homme | Démocratie | Gouvernance mondiale
Mot-clé action de l'UE | Afrique du Nord | agitation politique | droits de l'homme | démocratie | Proche et Moyen-Orient | relation
de l'Union européenne | situation politique | étude d'impact
Résumé This report evaluates the EU’s action to strengthen respect for human rights and democracy in North Africa and the
Middle East. Assessing the EU’s changing institutional context since the Lisbon Treaty, it examines the major policy
initiatives of 2011 in response to the events of the Arab Spring. The Arab Spring illustrated the limitations of the
‘stability versus human rights’ paradigm, and prompted the EU to promise that support for human rights and
democracy would be central to its relations with the MENA-region. Such rhetoric must be matched by detailed action
plans which incorporate the promotion of such values. As shown in the four case studies conducted for this report,
laudable policy declarations must be implemented not only by tangible increases in budget lines, but also by concrete
policy-structures capable of acting forcefully against human rights violations. The appointment of a Special
Representative for Human Rights and the creation of the EED and CSF have the potential to achieve such goals,
although the exact nature of these initiatives still need to be determined. This report recommends the EU to resolve its
internal differences with regards to the region, to intensify its relations with other MENA partners, and suggests ways of
enhancing the effectiveness of its policy.
Étude EN
20-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 8Enhancing EU Action to Support Universal Standards for Women’s Rights During Democratic Transitions
- The Case of Democratic Transition in the MENA Region
Type de publication Étude
Date 13-11-2012
Auteur externe Researches supervised and conducted by :
Kalliope Agapiou-Josephides (University of Cyprus) and Florence Benoît-Rohmer (University of Strasbourg).
Primary contributions from :
Annette Jünemann (Helmut Schmidt Universität - Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg) , Roberta Aluffi (University of
Turin) , Leila Jordens-Cotran (Arab Dutch Law) and Christina Kaili (University of Cyprus).
Contribution in the compilation of the research report :
Kypros Savva (University of Cyprus).
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Droits de l''homme | Démocratie | Égalité entre les femmes et les hommes, égalité et diversité
Mot-clé Afrique du Nord | discrimination sexuelle | droits de l'homme | droits de la femme | démocratie | démocratisation |
participation des femmes | Proche et Moyen-Orient | violence sexuelle
Résumé This study is devoted to providing an analysis of the policy initiatives and recent research while also assessing the
possibilities for entry points relevant to the enhancement of EU action to support universal standards for promoting
women’s rights in the context of democratic transitions. The authors share the view that women’s rights will be the
litmus test of a successful democratic transition. They explore and analyse the gender dimension in the context of
democratic transition processes, with a special focus on current sociopolitical changes taking place in the MENA
region. This is done with special attention to women’s political participation to show the importance of gender-
responsive legislation, constitutions and accountability systems. In this regard transitional violence against women is
treated as a cross cutting issue affecting women in the region and preventing them from enjoying their rights in all
areas of public life and from influencing the political agendas. This study explores the initiatives taken so far on
women’s rights by international organisations and the authors attempt to map EU instruments and entry points for
further action. Finally, the study provides a list of pragmatic recommendations to the EU as an external promoter of
democracy and gender equality.
Étude EN
Travaux d'atelier sur "L'union pour la Méditerranée : Perspectives d’avenir"
Type de publication Analyse approfondie
Date 07-08-2012
Auteur externe BEHR Timo (Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Helsinki, Finland), YOUNGS Richard (FRIDE, Madrid, Spain) and
MOISSERON Jean Yves (Institut de Recherche pour le développement, Paris, France)
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères
Mot-clé agitation politique | coopération régionale | pays tiers méditerranéens | Proche et Moyen-Orient | Union pour la
Méditerranée
Résumé Les soulèvements dans le monde arabe ont bouleversé le contexte national et régional dans le sud de la
Méditerranée. Au niveau bilatéral, l’UE a apporté une réponse rapide et substantielle à ce nouveau paysage
géopolitique en révisant sa politique européenne de voisinage (PEV). La réforme du cadre multilatéral de ses relations
avec les partenaires du sud de la Méditerranée demeure toutefois un défi. Un atelier organisé sous les auspices du
président du Parlement européen Martin Schulz a permis d’étudier les meilleurs moyens de renforcer l’Union pour la
Méditerranée (UpM). Les exposés suivants présentent les contributions de trois spécialistes ayant participé à cet
atelier. Timo Behr a proposé quatre options avant de se prononcer en faveur d’une approche pragmatique. Étant
donné les incertitudes et les difficultés croissantes dans la région, il est probable que l’UpM avancera à petits pas,
mais ne consentira que peu d’efforts pour développer une vision plus large concernant son développement. Selon
Richard Youngs, l’UE doit collaborer davantage pour comprendre les demandes et les intérêts du monde arabe. Il
plaide en faveur d'une «multilatéralisation» de la PEV et du lancement simultané d’initiatives conjointes avec les
puissances régionales au Proche-Orient et les acteurs internationaux. Pour Jean-Yves Moisseron, il faut changer de
paradigme. Comme le «mythe méditerranéen» n’a pas réussi à mobiliser les partenaires du Sud, il convient de mettre
en place une nouvelle approche des relations multilatérales, basée sur un véritable dialogue culturel et sur une pleine
collaboration entre les parlements démocratiquement élus et les sociétés civiles du sud de la Méditerranée.
Analyse approfondie EN, FR
After the Arab Spring : New Paths for Human Rights and the Internet in European Foreign Policy
Type de publicationÉtude
Date 04-07-2012
Auteur externe Ben WAGNER (European University Institute, Italy)
Domaine politique Droits de l''homme | Démocratie | Politique de recherche
Mot-clé Afrique du Nord | agitation politique | application de l'informatique | droits de l'homme | démocratie | impact des
technologies de l'information | Internet | liberté de l'information | politique étrangère et de sécurité commune | Proche et
Moyen-Orient | rôle international de l'UE
Résumé Following the Arab Spring there have been numerous public debates about appropriate policy responses to events in
the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). One of the largest public debates has centred on communications and the
Internet and attempted to understand how EU policy could have prevented, mitigated or avoided some of the negative
effects of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) during the Arab Spring. The following briefing paper
provides an overview of the actions taken by governments in the MENA region to limit the positive impact of ICTs and
the use of ICTs for harmful purposes. It then looks at key cases in the MENA region, analysing the events in Tunisia,
Egypt, Syria, Libya and Bahrain before and during the Arab Spring. It then develops specific policy recommendations
for European foreign policy, which are categorised by priority into short, medium, and long-term initiatives. In
conclusion, it suggests that European policy makers have numerous avenues to develop policy solutions that could
adequately respond to many of the issues raised during the Arab Spring, in the southern Mediterranean and beyond.
Étude EN
20-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 9The State of Play on the Implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women in North Africa and the Middle East
Type de publicationAnalyse approfondie
Date 15-06-2011
Auteur externe Cees Flinterman (UN Human Rights Committee)
Domaine politique Égalité entre les femmes et les hommes, égalité et diversité
Mot-clé Afrique du Nord | condition féminine | convention ONU | discrimination sexuelle | droits de la femme | mouvement de
femmes | organisation non gouvernementale | Proche et Moyen-Orient | égalité de traitement | égalité homme-femme
Résumé The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) has been
ratified by all states in North Africa and the Middle East, except Iran and Sudan. Many of these states have entered
reservations relating to the primacy of the Islamic law in cases of incompatibility with the provisions of CEDAW. Most
States have reported regularly to the CEDAW Committee on the measures taken to implement the Convention. Special
attention will be given to a few selected states in the region: Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Morocco, Algeria and Syria. After a
brief description of the objectives and the substance of CEDAW the paper will deal with some examples of typical
reservations, the involvement of NGOs in the implementation of the Convention, the content of the reports and the
constructive dialogue with the Committee, and the recommendations by the CEDAW Committee. The paper will
conclude with a provisional assessment of the significance of CEDAW in North African and Middle East states.
Analyse approfondie EN
Women in recent Middle East uprisings
Type de publication En bref
Date 07-03-2011
Auteur KLUGMAN-VUTZ Cornelia
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Égalité entre les femmes et les hommes, égalité et diversité
Mot-clé agitation politique | condition féminine | droits de l'homme | Grand Maghreb | mouvement de femmes | participation des
femmes | Proche et Moyen-Orient | relation de l'Union européenne
Résumé Women have been very visible in recent revolutions. In Egypt and Tunisia, they are now working towards
strengthening provisions for equality.
En bref EN
The Common Foreign Security Policy and the Security of the Energy Supplies
Type de publication Étude
Date 14-03-2007
Auteur externe Zeyno Baran
Director
Center for Eurasian Policy
Hudson Institute
Domaine politique Affaires étrangères | Énergie
Mot-clé approvisionnement énergétique | Asie centrale | diversification énergétique | gaz naturel | gazoduc | politique de
sécurité et de défense commune | politique européenne de voisinage | Proche et Moyen-Orient | Russie | sécurité
d'approvisionnement | énergie renouvelable | États-Unis
Résumé This study recommends that the EU regard energy security as a foreign and security policy issue rather than an
economic one. The current lack of cohesiveness and overall weakness of the EU’s energy policy is counterproductive
to European security, allowing Russia to strengthen its position as the dominant energy supplier. It also leaves
Europe’s neighbours in the Caucasus and Central Asia more vulnerable to political and economic interference from
Moscow, hampering Western efforts at reform in those countries. A common solution to these problems is engagement
with these states on the development of non-Russian-controlled oil and gas pipeline routes into Europe. The study
argues that this will improve the EU’s energy security as well as assist its efforts to foster democracy, rule of law and
good governance in its neighbours.
The study recommends, in the short- to medium-term, a diversification away from Russian energy supplies to those
from the Caspian basin, specifically Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. Further supplies of oil and natural gas
can be imported from the EU’s neighbours on the Mediterranean Sea. In the medium- to long-term, this Study calls for
more robust research and development partnerships with other energy consumers, especially with the United States,
by far the world’s largest energy consumer.
Étude EN
Perspectives of Economic Integration in the Arab Countries
Type de publication Analyse approfondie
Date 06-10-2006
Auteur externe Steffen Hertog c/o Ekaterina Korobtseva, Wadham College, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Domaine politique Affaires économiques et monétaires | Affaires étrangères | Commerce international
Mot-clé coopération euro-arabe | Grand Maghreb | intégration économique | investissement à l'étranger | Proche et Moyen-
Orient | relation commerciale
Analyse approfondie EN
20-08-2022 Source : © Union européenne, 2022 - PE 10Vous pouvez aussi lire
