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Interaction Homme-Machine
Cours 6a : histoire de l’IHM
Année 2017/2018 – Et3 Info - Polytech Paris-Sud
Cédric Fleury (cedric.fleury@lri.fr)
https://www.lri.fr/~cfleury/teaching/et3-info/IHM-2018/
Une partie de ce cours est basée sur les transparents de Ignacio Avellino,
Anastasia Bezerianos et Michel Beaudouin-Lafon
Les différentes phases historiques de l’IHM
Interfaces Graphiques
CHI 90 Ptmeedim
Phase 1 (Interface matérielle)
1950s
Ingénieurs / programmeurs
Interface principale : le hardware
Améliorations possibles :
- Un meilleur hardware Jonathan Grudin. 1990. FigureThe
1. computer reaches
The five foci out: the
of interface historical continuity of interface
development.
design. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing
THE Systems
TRAJECTORY
(CHI OF
'90),INTERFACE RESEARCH
Jane Carrasco Chew and Johnthe saleWhiteside
of proprietary(Eds.).
hardware,but theNew
ACM, myriadYork,
third-party
- Ergonomie du hardware AND DEVELOPMENT
NY, USA, 261-268. DOI=10.1145/97243.97284 Macintosh developers have used the interface to drive
http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/97243.97284
software sales. Software alone is profitable enough to
The Shifting Focus Of Computer Development justify a shift of attention to the user interface as a means
Twenty years ago, hardware remained the undisputed of accelerating sales. This process is still at an early
- Découplage des utilisateurs et du hardware
monarch of computer development. The major computer
companies produced hardware and lived or. died by its
stage. The userinterface draws more attention in mature
software product areas. The appearanceof new markets,
success. Simple processingbenchmarkswere the critical where unadorned functionality oft.enpredominates, will
measureof new products. Microcoders were “soft” [ 161. slow the overall shift of focus toward the user interface.
But the movementin that direction is inexorable.
This changed in the late 1970s and early 1980s with the
successof the spreadsheet,word processing,and licensed The Shifting Focus Of Interface Development
operating systems. True, this software primarily drove
Phase 2 (Interface logicielle) hardware sales,where the profits remained highest -- the
major beneficiarieswere IBM, Wang, and Digital, whose
Of course, systemshave always had user interfaces: how
have they evolved, prior to and since attracting attention?
Again we find a seriesof changesin the focus of research
proprietary hardware was the hardware of choice for key and design, influenced by the changing backdrop of
1960s - 1970s softwareproductsin theseareas.
Hardware innovation has a considerable future. Many
computer development. Figure 1 summarizesthe shift in
the principle focus of interface work. Initially, the user
interface was located at the hardware itself -- most users
computer companies still compete primarily at the level were engineersworking directly with the hardware. The
Utilisateurs : programmeurs of hardware, accepting foreign ,compeGtionand declining
margins. But many companies that established
focus then moved to the programm:ingtask -- higher-level
programming languagedand environments progressively
themselves in the 1980s sell primarily software: freed usersfrom the needto be familiar with the hardware.
Microsoft, Lotus. Ashton-Tate, and others. Debates go Next, with the widespread appearance of interactive
Cartes perforées, traitement par lot on within major companies over the wisdom of relying
exclusively on profits from sales of “iron.” For many
systems and non-programming “end users,” the user
interface shifted to the display and keyboard, with early
companies, the business is changing. A manager of attention to perceptual and motor issues. Recent years
hardware engineering at a major computer company have seen increasing research focus on the users’
Terme “Interface Graphique” acquiert de l'intérêt conhded, “I wouldn’t say this to my people, but a lot of
hardwareengineeringthesedays consistsof knowing how
“conversational”dialogues with systemsand applications,
involving deepercognitive issuesunderlying the learning
to usecatalogs.” The.spreadof workstationsand standard and use of systems: the user interface is extending past
platforms will extend the software focus that already the eyes and fingers, into the mind. Finally, with the
Possibles améliorations : exists in the PC world to more powerful machines.
Software is moving to center stage.
advent of “groupware” and systems to support
organizations, we are beginning to see the focus of user
‘interface design extend out into the social and work
The last five years have seen the beginning of the next
- Amélioration de la programmation step: a shift of marketplaceattention to the user interface.
The Macintosh interface produced profits first by driving
environment, reaching even further from its origin at the
heart of the computer.
262
3
Interfaces Graphiques
Phase 3 (terminal comme interface)
1970s - 1990s
Focus : problèmes de perception (lisibilité, vitesse, précision..)
=> Inclusion de psychologues cognitifs
Émergence d’IHM comme domaine
La couleur, les graphiques, le son, les écrans se sont répondus
=> Inclusion d’artistes graphiques
CHI 90 Ptmeedim
La recherche se focalise sur l’utilisateur final
Phase 4 (interface de dialogue)
1980s - …
Modélisation des objectifs des utilisateurs
Interfaces qui retiennent actions passées Figure 1. The five foci of interface development.
THE TRAJECTORY OF INTERFACE RESEARCH the saleof proprietary hardware,but the myriad third-party
Adaptation de l’interface aux utilisateurs AND DEVELOPMENT
The Shifting Focus Of Computer Development
Macintosh developers have used the interface to drive
software sales. Software alone is profitable enough to
justify a shift of attention to the user interface as a means
Twenty years ago, hardware remained the undisputed of accelerating sales. This process is still at an early
Développement accéléré du hardware ouvre des possibilités
monarch of computer development. The major computer
companies produced hardware and lived or. died by its
success. Simple processingbenchmarkswere the critical
stage. The userinterface draws more attention in mature
software product areas. The appearanceof new markets,
where unadorned functionality oft.enpredominates, will
measureof new products. Microcoders were “soft” [ 161. slow the overall shift of focus toward the user interface.
But the movementin that direction is inexorable.
This changed in the late 1970s and early 1980s with the
successof the spreadsheet,word processing,and licensed The Shifting Focus Of Interface Development
operating systems. True, this software primarily drove Of course, systemshave always had user interfaces: how
hardware sales,where the profits remained highest -- the
major beneficiarieswere IBM, Wang, and Digital, whose
4
have they evolved, prior to and since attracting attention?
Again we find a seriesof changesin the focus of research
proprietary hardware was the hardware of choice for key
Interfaces Graphiques
Phase 5 (Interface dans le travail)
1990s - …
Réseaux - Groupware
Software qui incorpore connaissance Phase 6 (?)
du contexte de travail
2000s - …
Groupes et communautés d’utilisateurs
Informatique mobile, utilisateurs mobiles,
Sociologie, anthropologie, études communautés ad-hoc
organisationnelles
Informatique omniprésente (Ubicomp)
Informatique à la maison
CHI 90 Ptmeedim
Informatique sociale
Arts, design, jeux et divertissement
Figure 1. The five foci of interface development.
THE TRAJECTORY OF INTERFACE RESEARCH the saleof proprietary hardware,but the myriad third-party
AND DEVELOPMENT Macintosh developers have used the interface to drive
software sales. Software alone is profitable enough to
The Shifting Focus Of Computer Development
Twenty years ago, hardware remained the undisputed
justify a shift of attention to the user interface as a means 5
of accelerating sales. This process is still at an early
monarch of computer development. The major computer
Les éléments historiques
marquants
Memex
Vannevar Bush, 1945
« As we may think »
Dispositif où les gens pourraient comprimer et stocker tous leurs
livres, registres, communications, “mécanisé de sorte qu’ils
puissent être consultés avec une augmentation de la vitesse et
de flexibilité »
Système imaginaire
Microfilms
Ancêtre d'Hypertext
7
Sketchpad
Ivan Sutherland, 1963
Cathodic ray monitor Light Pen
(Sutherland, 2003) (Sutherland, 2003)
Manipulation directe de formes
Satisfaction de contraintes géométriques
8
Sketchpad, Ivan Sutherland, 1963 https://youtu.be/6orsmFndx_o
9
Sketchpad
Ivan Sutherland, 1963
Dessin direct des objets sur l'écran
“Feedback" direct sur les lignes
Application de contraintes (parallèle, angle droit, etc.)
Zoom
Application de fonctionnalités simultanément via des boutons (tourner et déplacer)
Stockage de dessins
Propagations des changements
Dessins répétés
Ajustement magnétique (snapping) curseur-lignes
Suivi de stylet prédictive
10NLS/Augment
Douglas Engelbart, 1968
L’idée d’augmenter de l'intellect humain (Augment) et
d’utiliser un réseau (ONLine System)
Améliorer entrées / sorties
Invention de la souris, clavier et systèmes à bases de boutons
Travail collaboratif, visioconférence, partage de documents
“The father
of all demos”
© SRI International 11Les premiers ordinateurs personnels
Apple II, 1977
Assemblé, prêt à l'emploi
1298 USD
4K of memoire http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/apple-ii-dos-source-code/
Pas de disque dure ou disquette
Basé sur la ligne de commande
12Les premiers ordinateurs personnels
IBM PC, 1981
1565 USD
Dévient un standard industriel
Mémoire 16K
Pas de disque dur ou disquette http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1981.html
Basés sur la ligne de commande
http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc25/pc25_intro.html
13Visicalc
Dan Bricklin, 1979
Première feuille de calcul
Interactive WYSIWYG
Pointage
Re-calcul basé sur des
formules
Defilement
Mère de feuilles de calcul
ultérieures http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Software/Visicalc.html
14Xerox Parc
PARC : Palo Alto Research Center créé en 1970
Le parc regroupe des talents divers qui s’intéresse à la
photocopie, mais aussi aux systèmes bureautiques
3 chercheurs/ingénieurs ont gagné un prix Turing
Programmation object (Smalltalk)
Ethernet
Ordinateur portable
Imprimante laser
Dynabook
Interface WIMP : Windows, Icons, Menus & Pointers
15XEROX Star, 1981
Première station personnelle de travail
16.500 USD
Interface WIMP
Réseau
Édition de texte des icônes WYSIWYG
Raster et le dessin vectorisé
Workflow
e-mail
http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taouu/html/ch02s05.html
16XEROX Star, 1981 http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taouu/html/ch02s05.html 17
XEROX Star, 1981
✓ Conception matérielle guidées
les besoins logiciels (analyse de
- Un échec commercial
tâches, scénarios, 600-700 - Système trop nouveau, trop
heures de vidéo) puissant, trop différent, …
et trop cher ! (16.500 USD)
✓ Fonctionnant « naturellement »
en réseau - Cible marketing mal évaluée
(ex : pas de tableur)
✓ Interface graphique basée sur
la métaphore de bureau - Architecture fermée
(impossible de développer des
✓ Utilisation d’icônes et de
applications hors de Xerox)
fenêtres + idée du WYSIWYG
✓ Système centrée sur les - Manque de volonté politique
documents (l’utilisateur ne pour sortir du marché de la
connaît pas les application) photocopie
=> mais une influence certaine sur
les systèmes actuels
18Apple Macintosh, 1984
Premier ordinateur personnel WIMP
~2.500 USD
128 KB - 512 KB, 2.500 USD
Bureautique + divertissement
Hardward non extensible
Hardware et software très couplée
http://oldcomputers.net/macintosh.html
=> un succès commercial !
19Système X Windows, 1984
Issu du projet Athena du MIT :
4000 machines UNIX à connecter
Financé par de nombreux sponsors
DEC, IBM, Motorola, etc.
Modèle client/serveur
Séparation quoi/comment qui facilite la portabilité
Utilisation transparente du réseau qui permet l’affichage déporté
20Microsoft Windows, 1985
Passage des fenêtres sans recouvrement
aux fenêtres avec recouvrement
Microsoft Windows 1 Microsoft Windows 2 (1987)
21Interface de bureau
De 1984 à nos jours :
Plus de puissance graphique et de nouveaux usages (réseau),
mais peu de changement du point de vu de l’interaction
WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menu & Pointers)
Cependant, ce n’est pas forcement une mauvaise chose !
http://www.scottberkun.com/blog/2010/the-future-of-ui-will-be-boring/
22Interfaces multimodales
Put that there, 1979
Apple Knowledge Navigator, 1988
23Wold Wide Web
Tim Berners-Lee, 1989
Proposition de CERN pour une communication plus efficace
WWW connecte du texte et des images à distance
Hyperliens (Hyperlinks)
W3C - 1994
24Ubiquitous Computing
Marc Weiser, 1991
Xerox PARC
« Les technologies les plus profondes sont celles qui
disparaissent. Elles se tissent dans le tissu de la vie quotidienne
jusqu'à ce qu’elles soient indiscernables de celle-ci. »
Exemples : crayons, moteurs, et les ordinateurs ?
L’ordinateur va évoluer pour être omniprésent
Exemples : XEROX Tab, Pads, Boards
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/ http://www.billbuxton.com/augmented1.gif http://1.bp.blogspot.com/
25Evolution
L’IHM ne suit pas la loi de Moore
26Evolution
Quoi que…
Murs d’images WILD et WILDER (LRI, Université Paris-Sud)
http://digiscope.fr/
27Evolution
Loi de Moore
Capacité humaine vs capacité des ordinateurs
Computer
capabilities
Saul Greenberg
28IHM et recherche
La plupart des innovations sont nées dans des laboratoires
de recherches (académiques ou industriels)
Mais cela prend du temps !
29The Long Nose
Bill Buxton
Les idées ont besoin de raffinement avant qu’elles ne
deviennent omniprésents
Exemple : la souris
1965: année de construction
1968: copié (National Research Council of Canada)
1973: Alto
1981: XEROX Star
1984: Macintosh
1995: Windows 95 => devient
omniprésent pour le
grand publique
UX LONDON 2012, Bill Buxton 30Sutherland, I (2003), Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System (PDF), preface by Alan Blackwell and Kerry Roddenphone,
University of Cambridge, ISSN 1476-2986, Technical Report No. 574, UCAM-CL-TR-574 http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-
TR-574.pdf
Sutherland, I. (1964), Sketch pad a man-machine graphical communication system. In Proceedings of the SHARE design automation workshop
(DAC '64). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 6.329-6.346. DOI=10.1145/800265.810742 http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800265.810742
D. Engelbart. (1988). The augmented knowledge workshop. In A history of personal workstations, Adele Goldberg (Ed.). ACM, New York, NY,
USA 185-248. DOI=10.1145/61975.66918 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/61975.66918
Alan C. Kay, (1972). A Personal Computer for Children of All Ages. In Proceedings of the ACM annual conference - Volume 1 (ACM '72), Vol. 1.
ACM, New York, NY, USA, , pages. DOI=10.1145/800193.1971922 http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800193.1971922
Johnson, J. et al (1989) “The Xerox "Star": A Retrospective” document externe au site, IEEE Computer, September 1989. Reprinted in Buxton, W.
et al , Human Computer Interaction: Toward the Year 2000, Morgan Kaufman.
Williams, G., "The Lisa Computer System." Byte Magazine, 1983. 8(2): pp. 33-50. http://blog.modernmechanix.com/the-lisa-computer-system-
apple-designs-a-new-kind-of-machine/
Berners-Lee, T. et al (1994) “The World Wide Web,” Communications of the ACM, 37(8):76-82, August 1994.
M. Weiser, (2002) The computer for the 21st Century. IEEE Pervasive Computing 1, 1 (January 2002), 19-25. DOI=10.1109/MPRV.2002.993141
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MPRV.2002.993141
Nielsen, J. (1993). Is usability engineering really worth it? IEEE Software 10, 6 (November) 90-92.
Bush, V. (1945). As we may think. The atlantic monthly, 176(1), 101-108.
Richard A. Bolt, (1980).“Put-that-there”: Voice and gesture at the graphics interface. In Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Computer
graphics and interactive techniques (SIGGRAPH '80). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 262-270. DOI=10.1145/800250.807503 http://doi.acm.org/
10.1145/800250.807503
Scully, J., & Byrne, J. (1987). Odyssey.
http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Personal/Dynabook.html
http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/apple-ii-dos-source-code/
http://www.bricklin.com/visicalc.htm
http://toastytech.com/guis/alto.html
https://interstices.info/jcms/c_23015/40-ans-dinteraction-homme-machine-points-de-repere-et-perspectives
http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taouu/html/ch02s05.html
http://oldcomputers.net/macintosh.html
http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/punchcard/transform/
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/teletype.html
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