Territoires Alliance des Commission - 13 avril 2022 - France urbaine
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Commission Alliance des Territoires 13 avril 2022
Ordre du jour / Déroulé
► Mot d’introduction
► Alliance des territoires et appréhension du fait métropolitain en Europe :
premiers regards
► Analyser les coopérations territoriales dans un contexte de transition
(intervention de Nicolas MAISETTI)
► L’appréhension des enjeux de gouvernance métropolitaine en
Angleterre (intervention d’Olivier SYKES)
► Conclusion et points divers
Ordre du jour / Déroulé
► Mot d’introduction
► Alliance des territoires et appréhension du fait métropolitain en Europe :
premiers regards
► Analyser les coopérations territoriales dans un contexte de transition
(intervention de Nicolas MAISETTI)
► L’appréhension des enjeux de gouvernance métropolitaine en
Angleterre (intervention d’Olivier SYKES)
► Conclusion et points divers
Ordre du jour / Déroulé
► Mot d’introduction
► Alliance des territoires et appréhension du fait métropolitain en Europe :
premiers regards
► Analyser les coopérations territoriales dans un contexte de transition
(intervention de Nicolas MAISETTI)
► L’appréhension des enjeux de gouvernance métropolitaine en
Angleterre (intervention d’Olivier SYKES)
► Conclusion et points divers
Commission Alliance des Territoires
Analyser les coopérations territoriales
dans un contexte de transition
14 avril 2022 5
Qu’est-ce que POPSU ? La Plateforme d’Observation des projets et stratégies urbaines (POPSU)], un programme de recherches-action du Plan Urbanisme Construction Architecture (PUCA) • Produire de la connaissance sur les territoires, leurs mutations et leurs projets • Intensifier les liens entre les praticiens et les chercheurs • Construire des comparaisons et développer des échanges d’expérience • Capitaliser et valoriser, à des fins d’action, les enseignements tirés de l’analyse
La carte des programmes
7
Le conseil stratégique
8
Les partenaires institutionnels
9
La collection des Cahiers POPSU
- Une valorisation in itinere (au fil de l’eau)
- Une co-production et une évaluation entre
chercheurs et praticiens
- A format court qui combine exigences
scientifiques et appropriation par les
professionnels des politiques urbaines
- Un lectorat varié : universitaires, élus,
technciiens des collectivités, professionnels...
- Un outil pour renouveler le dialogue
territorial
10Les Conférences POPSU
11Résultats (1)
Sur le plan méthodologique
• Des enquêtes co-construites
• Un dialogue interdisiciplinaire
• Des configurations métropolitaines
diverses
• Des formations à la recherche par la
recherche
• Une capitalisation de la connaissance
à des fins d’actions
12Résultats (2)
Sur le fond
• Des approches dé-sectorisées et intégrées
• Du fait métropolitain à l’action
métropolitaine
• Des ajustements entre les fonctions
métropolitaines et les échelles d’action
• Des interdépendances socio-territoriales
• Des récits métropolitains renouvelés
13Prochaine session
Les chemins des transitions
• Au-delà des transitions écologiques
• La question sociale : de la ville
inégalitaire à la justice socio-spatiale
• La question économique : de la ville
productive à la post-attractivité
• La question numérique : de la smart
city aux smart citizens
• La question politique : de la démocratie
permanente au droit à la métropole
14Ordre du jour / Déroulé
► Mot d’introduction
► Alliance des territoires et appréhension du fait métropolitain en Europe :
premiers regards :
► Analyser les coopérations territoriales dans un contexte de transition
(intervention de Nicolas MAISETTI)
► L’appréhension des enjeux de gouvernance métropolitaine en
Angleterre (intervention d’Olivier SYKES)
► Conclusion et points diversDeconstructing and reconstructing
the metropolitan scale in England
Olivier Sykes
University of LiverpoolStructure
• Introduction
• The stop-start development of the metropolitan scale
in England
• The city regional scale today
• ConclusionSource: Lupton, R., Hughes, C., Peake-Jones, S. and Cooper, K. (2018) http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/spdo/spdorp02.pdf
The 1980s • After the 1970s shifting political economies created an unfavourable context for the metropolitan scale in England. • White Paper ‘Streamlining the Cities’ (1983) argued that Metropolitan County Councils had struggled to assert themselves and had consistently exceeded their expenditure targets, and 1985/86 saw their abolition • More emphasis was placed on local level and project based planning rather than on the strategic metropolitan scale and some have argued that this led to a loss of strategic overview on the needs of such areas.
Since the 1990s….The “return of the city”…?
• Until twenty years or so ago, the great 19th
century cities like Manchester, Leeds,
Liverpool, Sheffield and Newcastle, were seen
by most people as grim, overcrowded, polluted
and poorly-built.
• The answer to these problems seemed to lie in dispersal, away from
polluted industrial cities to green new towns and suburbs; it was a
philosophy that dominated the UK’s planning agenda for the three
decades after the Second World War.
• But cities have changed, entering a post-industrial era, and cleaning
up their act as centres for culture, transport, creativity, innovation,
medicine, education, tourism, finance, research, conservation,
working… and living.
(Town and Country Planning Association, 2016)Combined Authorities • A combined authority (CA) is a legal body set up using national legislation that enables a group of two or more councils to collaborate and take /collective decisions across council boundaries. • The creation of a CA means that member councils can be more ambitious in their joint working and can take advantage of powers and resources devolved to them from national government. • While established by Parliament, CAs are locally owned and have to be initiated and supported by the councils involved. • Ten combined authorities have been established so far. • Legislation: Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009, which has been substantially amended by the Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016. • Sources: Local Government Association ; House of Commons Library
The first Combined Authority – 2011 •
https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/metro-mayors
https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn07029/
• House of Commons Library (2022)
A big deal financially? – Liverpool • Central Government has cut funding for Liverpool by 61% in real terms since 2010/11 equal to £433m less spending (Liverpool City Council, 2020). • Liverpool has had the biggest cut in its funding of all the Core Cities and in the LCR ‘this cut was matched by Knowsley. So the two city region authorities with that were the highest ranked in the Index of Multiple Deprivation received disproportionately heavy cuts to their funding from central government’ (Parkinson, 2019, p.110). • So is £30 million annually for 30 years for the wider Liverpool City Region under its 2016 ‘Devolution Deal’ a big deal? • NB the 2000-2006 EU Objective One programme, saw £840 million flow into the area, which with ‘match funding’ gave a total investment of over £1 billion over 6-7 years
Devolution Becoming a Big Deal Politically? https://theconversation.com/andy-burnhams-standoff-with-london-was-always-about-more-than-just-lockdown-money-148594
Turnout and Legitimacy
• Average turnout across the 2021 mayoral elections was
34%, up from the 2017 average of 28%.
• This is comparable to turnout for other local elections but
substantially below the turnout at recent devolved elections
in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/metro-mayorsAnd not everyone agrees with the focus of
devolution…
“The government’s focus on metro-regions has meant
that mid-sized cities, towns, districts, and counties have
been ignored in the devolution process. Reform and the
radical devolution of powers, at pace and scale, is
urgently required to meet the challenges of Covid-19
and the levelling-up agenda”.
Mark Morrin (21.10.2020)Questions - 1 • Is there sufficient commitment and support from national governments for the implementation of metropolitan reforms - e.g. regarding issues such as legal autonomy and financial support? • Devolution of power from the centre, or the aggregation of competences from local governments, into new strategic scale arrangements, is only meaningful if matched by adequate resources and powers – e.g. over planning. • The attribution of responsibilities to new strategic scales without the legal, financial, and political capacity to act can led to disappointing results which may be used to justify relaunching reform processes and searches for new spatial fixes.
Questions - 2 • The creation of larger territorial units often appears ‘rational’ to experts and may be seen as a useful political strategy by some interests • However, the reorganization of territorial powers is sometimes challenged by local authorities who argue for the maintenance of existing territorial governance arrangements based on their established local electoral legitimacy. • This is then reflected in questions about the scope and powers of planning at the strategic scale and potential tensions between local and strategic scale planning & interests.
Conclusion • Urgent challenges of sustainable urbanisation articulated in the New Urban Agenda and various international, supranational, state and sub-state strategies. • The strategic scale is seen as essential to the resolution of key issues including social cohesion and decarbonisation. • It is unclear yet (e.g. in England) exactly how far the new metropolitan scale will influence these agendas. • The construction of the strategic scale is also fundamentally a question of governance, institution building, and securing political legitimacy. • For strategic planning to influence what actually happens ‘on the ground’ in the territories this must be recognised.
Developing the strategic scale
• England (UK) • These were then abolished, with Michael
Brehny & Peter Hall commenting on the
‘strange death of strategic planning’
(1984).
• Regional Planning gained importance
post-1945 in the reconstruction of many
bombed cities as well as a component of • By the 1990s, interest and attention to
the emergent welfare state and social the strategic scale rose again, this time
reform with an orientation towards the wider
regional scale.
• Planning aimed at - decentralisation /
containment / redevelopment and
regional balance, using tools of - new and • However, after around a decade of
expanded towns / greenbelts / residential regional
the
economic and spatial planning,
sub-regional/city regional scale
densities and networks of open space retuned to prominence
(Essex and Brayshay 2005)
• However, such efforts faltered with failure • The 2010s saw the creation of so-called
Combined Authorities in many larger
to consistently follow-up plans or to urban areas with strategic spatial planning
reform local government on city capacity which is still-evolving at this time
region/regional lines (Greater London had already enjoyed
such powers).
• In England from the 1970s until the mid-
1980s, metropolitan county councils,
were tasked with producing metropolitan
structure plansDeveloping the strategic scale
• France
• 1940s - critique of Parisian centralism • At metropolitan scale, communautés
– Paris et le Désert Francais and urbaines, (1960s) to address
emergence of the policy of fragmentation of local government
aménagement du territoire (the which made spatial planning at the
regional economic planning model) strategic scale challenging.
• 1960s - the high point of this - e.g.
métropoles d’équilibre) • These attended to strategic structure
• 1970s/80s - a greater focus on inward planning in France’s largest urban
investment policies and urban policy. areas with varying degrees of impact
• 1980s/90s sustainability agenda and
renewed attention to regional scale
• Strong decentralisation of land use
spatial planning
planning powers since the 1980s
• Territorial reform 2010s consolidated
French regions into larger territories
(Perrin, 2021) with a responsibility for • In the 2010s the city regional scale was
regional strategic spatial planning. reinforced through new territorial
reforms with the introduction of
métropoles.Ordre du jour / Déroulé
► Mot d’introduction
► Alliance des territoires et appréhension du fait métropolitain en Europe :
premiers regards
► Analyser les coopérations territoriales dans un contexte de transition
(intervention de Nicolas MAISETTI)
► L’appréhension des enjeux de gouvernance métropolitaine en
Angleterre (intervention d’Olivier SYKES)
► Conclusion et points diversVous pouvez aussi lire
